GI Tags to Majuli Masks and Majuli Manuscript Paintings
Syllabus: GS1/Art and Culture, GS3/ Economy
In Context
- The Narasapur crochet lace craft, Majuli masks and Majuli Manuscript Paintings has got the Geographical Indications (GI) tag.
Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft
- Region: The craft is geographically limited to 19 mandals in West Godavari in the Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh.
- Background: The women of the farming community of this region started creating highly attractive artefacts from colourful lace, about 150 years ago.
- In 2004, the first of its kind lace park in India was established here where thousands of crochet lace makers can market their products.
- Artwork: The lace work is done using thin threads and these are again woven with thin crochet needles of varying sizes.
- The products are available in vibrant colors like orange, green, blue, whitered, and beige.
- The crochet lace products are also exported to countries like the UK, USA, France, etc.
Majuli Masks
- Region: Both Majuli Mask of Assam & Assam Majuli Manuscript Painting find its root in the river island district of Majuli of the state.
- Majuli is the largest river island in the world and the seat of Assam’s neo-Vaishnavite tradition.
- Art work: These are handmade masks and are traditionally used to depict characters in bhaonas, or theatrical performances with devotional messages under the neo-Vaishnavite tradition.
- The masks can depict gods, goddesses, demons, animals and birds.
- The masks are made of bamboo, clay, dung, cloth, cotton, and wood.
- Background: It was introduced by the 15th-16th century reformer saint Srimanta Sankardeva.
Art Practised in Monasteries
- Majuli has 22 sattras, and the mask-making tradition is by and large concentrated in four of them — Samaguri Sattra, Natun Samaguri Sattra, Bihimpur Sattra and Alengi Narasimha Sattra.
- Sattras are monastic institutions established by Srimanta Sankardev and his disciples as centres of religious, social and cultural reform.
Majuli Manuscript Painting
- It is a form of painting — also originating in the 16th century — done on sanchi pat, or manuscripts made of the bark of the sanchi or agar tree, using homemade ink.
- The uniqueness lies in manuscript writing styles—Gargayan script, Kaithall, and Bamunia.
- These Paintings depict Hindu epic tales, particularly Lord Krishna’s Bhagavata Purana narratives, showcasing cultural heritage and artistic finesse.
- The earliest example of an illustrated manuscript is said to be a rendering of the Adya Dasama of the Bhagwat Purana in Assamese by Srimanta Sankardev.
- This art was patronised by the Ahom kings. It continues to be practised in every sattra in Majuli.
What is a GI Tag?
- A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Geographical Indications are part of the intellectual property rights that come under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
- In India, Geographical Indications registration is administered by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act of 1999.
- Geographical indications are typically used for agricultural products, foodstuffs, wine and spirit drinks, handicrafts, and industrial products.
- The registration of a geographical indication is valid for a period of 10 years, it can be renewed from time to time for a further period of 10 years each.
Benefits of GI Tag
- It confers legal protection to Geographical Indications in India which in turn boost exports.
- Prevents unauthorised use of a Registered Geographical Indication by others.
- It promotes economic prosperity of producers of goods produced in a geographical territory.
Advisory to Generative AI Companies For Electoral Process
Syllabus: GS3/Science and Technology
In Context
- The IT Ministry sent an advisory to generative AI companies like Google and OpenAI ahead of Lok Sabha Elections.
About the Advisory
- Content Regulation: Intermediaries and platforms are mandated to ensure that the use of Artificial Intelligence models does not allow users to host, display, upload, modify, publish, transmit, store, update, or share any unlawful content, as outlined in IT Act.
- Electoral Process Integrity: Intermediaries and platforms must ensure that their computer resources do not allow any bias, discrimination, or threats to the integrity of the electoral process.
- Explicit Permission for Under-Testing AI: The deployment of under-testing or unreliable Artificial Intelligence models on the Indian Internet requires explicit permission from the Government of India.
- Such models must be labeled to inform users about their potential fallibility or unreliability.
- User Awareness: Users must be clearly informed, through terms of services and user agreements, about the consequences of engaging with unlawful information on the platform.
- Labeling for Deepfakes and Misinformation: The companies must also label the AI-generated responses with a permanent unique identifier so that the creator or the first originator of any misinformation or a deepfake could be identified.
What is Generative Artificial Intelligence?
- It is AI algorithms and models designed to generate new content, such as images, text, audio, or even videos, that mimic or resemble human-created content.
- These models rely on deep learning architecture and to identify patterns and structures in existing data to create new and original content.
Application of Generative AI
- Art and Design: It can create unique pieces of art, designs, and even music compositions.
- Content Creation: It can be used to generate text, including articles, stories, and poetry.
- Media Production: It can assist in creating realistic images, videos, and special effects for movies and games.
- Data Augmentation: It can improve data quality by artificially enriching datasets with additional information similar to the original dataset but not previously seen.
- Generative AI can transform multiple industries applications such as Logistics and Transportation, Travel Industry, Supply Chain, Marketing etc.
Need for the Regulation
- Lack of transparency of AI tools: AI and deep learning models can be difficult to understand, even for those that work directly with the technology.
- AI is not neutral: AI-based decisions are susceptible to inaccuracies, discriminatory outcomes, embedded or inserted bias.
- Manipulation through Algorithm: Online media and news have become even murkier in light of AI-generated images and videos, AI voice changers as well as deep fakes infiltrating political and social spheres.
- Deep Fakes: They incorporate hyper-realistic digital falsification, they can potentially be used to damage reputations, fabricate evidence, and undermine trust in democratic institutions.
- Lack of Data Privacy: AI systems often collect personal data to customize user experiences or to help train the AI models.
- Uncontrollable Self AI: There also comes a worry that AI will progress in intelligence so rapidly that it will act beyond humans’ control — possibly in a malicious manner.
Existing Laws in India
- India lacks specific laws to address deepfakes and AI-related crimes, but provisions under the IT Act offer both civil and criminal relief.
- Section 66E of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) is applicable in cases of deepfake crimes that involve the capture, publication, or transmission of a person’s images in mass media thereby violating their privacy.
- Such an offence is punishable with up to three years of imprisonment or a fine of ₹2 lakh.
- Section 66D of the IT Act punishes individuals who use communication devices or computer resources with malicious intent, leading to impersonation or cheating.
- It carries a penalty of up to three years imprisonment and/or a fine of ₹1 lakh.
- Sections 67, 67A, and 67B of the IT Act can be used to prosecute individuals for publishing or transmitting deep fakes that are obscene or contain any sexually explicit acts.
Way Ahead
- As deep fakes and other allied technology become harder to detect, more resources are now accessible to equip individuals against their misuse.
- AI governance in India cannot be restricted to just a law and reforms have to be centered around establishing standards of safety, increasing awareness, and institution building.
Article 371 to Ladakh
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
Context
- In the backdrop of protests across Ladakh, the Centre is mulling granting Article 371-like protection to the Union Territory.
Background
- In 2019, the former State of Jammu & Kashmir was bifurcated into two Union Territories — Jammu & Kashmir, and Ladakh, the latter without a Legislative Assembly.
- After its special status was removed, several political groups in Ladakh have been demanding that land, employment, and the cultural identity of Ladakh, should be protected under the Sixth Schedule.
- In 2019, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes recommended the inclusion of Ladakh under the Sixth Schedule.
Sixth Schedule
- The Sixth Schedule under Article 244 provides for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions — Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) — that have some legislative, judicial, and administrative autonomy within a state.
- This Schedule contains provisions regarding the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
- The Schedule also gives ARCs and ADCs the power to collect land revenue, impose taxes, regulate money lending and trading, collect royalties from licenses or leases for the extraction of minerals in their areas, and establish public facilities such as schools, markets, and roads.
Protections offered under Article 371
- Articles 371 and 371-A through J provide “special provisions” for specific states, often to give representation to certain religious and social groups and to allow these groups to exercise autonomy over their affairs without interference from the state and central governments.
- Special provisions under Article 371 would allow protections to be extended to the local population of Ladakh.
Centre’s Opinion
- Union Home Ministry opines that the main objective of the inclusion of tribal populations under the said schedule is to ensure their overall socio-economic development, which the Union Territory’s administration “has already been taking care of since its creation”.
- It added that the Ladakh administration had recently increased the reservation for Scheduled Tribes in direct recruitment from 10% to 45%, which would help the tribal population significantly in its development.
Way Ahead
- Notably, no region outside the Northeast has been included in the Sixth Schedule. Manipur, which has predominantly tribal populations in some places, the autonomous councils are not included in the Sixth Schedule.
- According to the Home ministry, for tribal areas in the rest of the country, there is the Fifth Schedule. So, Ladakh’s inclusion in the Sixth Schedule would be difficult.
| Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution – In the Article 244(1) of the Constitution: Expression Scheduled Areas means such areas as the President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas. – The President may at any time by order: 1. Direct that the whole or any specified part of a Scheduled Area shall cease to be a Scheduled Area or a part of such an area. 2. Increase the area of any Scheduled Area in a State after consultation with the Governor of that State. 3. On any alteration of the boundaries of a State on the admission into the Union or the establishment of a new State, declare any territory not previously included in any State to be, or to form part of, a Scheduled Area. 4. Rescind, in relation to any State of States, any order or orders made under these provisions and in consultation with the Governor of the State concerned, make fresh orders redefining the areas which are to be Scheduled Areas. – Criteria for Declaring Schedule Areas: 1. Preponderance of tribal population; 2. Compactness and reasonable size of the area; 3. Under-developed nature of the area; and 4. Marked disparity in economic standard of the people. – States having Fifth Schedule Areas: At present, 10 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana have Fifth Schedule Areas. |
Tiger Safari Banned in Core Areas of Jim Corbett National Park
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment
Context
- The Supreme Court banned tiger safari in the core areas of the Jim Corbett National Park.
Background
- Tiger safaris will be limited to the peripheral and buffer zones surrounding the national park, offering opportunities for wildlife conservationists while minimizing disruptions to the core habitats.
- The core forms the Jim Corbett National Park while the buffer zone contains reserve forests as well as Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary.
- India is currently home to 75 percent of the world’s wild tigers, according to the Status of Tigers 2022 report, and has 54 tiger reserves.
- Among Tiger Reserves, Uttarakhand’s Jim Corbett National Park has the highest number of tigers at 260 within the reserve, while 319 tigers utilize the tiger reserve.
| Core Zone & Buffer Zone of Biosphere Reserves – It is a large area of land or water that is recognised and protected by UNESCO. – The main objective of a biosphere reserve is to promote sustainable development through the conservation of biodiversity, cultural heritage, and sustainable use of natural resources. – The biosphere reserve typically includes three zones: 1. Core zone: a strictly protected area where human activities are not allowed. 2. Buffer zone: an area where limited human activities are allowed, including research and eco-tourism. 3. Transition zone: an area where sustainable development is encouraged, such as farming, forestry, and other human activities. – Some examples are Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand, Nokrek in Meghalaya, and Nilgiri spread across Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. – A biosphere reserve may cover multiple national parks and sanctuaries. |
Impact of tourism on wildlife
- Unregulated tourism leads to habitat destruction and fragmentation, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas.
- Tourism infrastructure is blocking tiger and elephant corridors that connect Corbett with adjoining forests.
- The disturbance created by tourism disrupts natural behaviors, leads to stress, and negatively impacts reproductive success of wildlife.
- Tourism contributes to pollution through activities such as vehicle emissions, and improper waste disposal. Pollution can degrade habitats, harm wildlife, and threaten water quality.
| Corbett National Park – The Park is located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand. – It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park. Later it was renamed Corbett National Park after the hunter and naturalist Jim Corbett. – The rivers that pass through it are Ramganga, Kosi & Sonanadi. – The Corbett National Park has been divided into six major different tourism zones: Bijrani Safari Zone, Jhirna Safari Zone, Dhela Safari Zone, Dhikala Zone, Durga Devi Zone, Sitabani Buffer Zone. – It is also being honored as the place where Project Tiger was first launched in 1973. – The park is home to the Royal Bengal Tigers, Himalayan black bears, Indian elephants, crested serpent eagle, blossom-headed parakeet etc. |
Way Ahead
- The court highlighted the detrimental impact of establishing a safari in the core area. However, it permitted establishing tiger safaris in the peripheral and buffer zones of the reserved forest Jim Corbett subject to conditions.
- The Supreme Court’s decision has been taken to ensure a delicate balance between promoting tourism and preserving sensitive ecosystems within the Jim Corbett National Park.
