Editorial 1 : Heat-baked Chennai can set an example for India
Introduction
The year 2023 was by far the hottest ever according to a recent World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report. Global average temperatures reached 1.45° C higher than pre-industrial levels, almost touching the 1.5° C limit set in the Paris Agreement. Scientists predict that 2024 could be similar.
The reality of the urban heat island
- In cities, this problem is exacerbated by a phenomenon termed the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect.
- Temperatures in large, crowded urban settings can be several degrees higher than in surrounding rural areas, and even hotter at night.
- Concrete structures and tarmac roads retain heat which stays trapped inside this “urban bubble” along with air pollutants.
- A lack of green spaces and waste heat from air conditioners and other machinery add to the UHI.
Case study of Chennai
- Chennai, a coastal city, is affected by yet another feature which is cause for worry.
- Humidity reduces the cooling effect of perspiration, leading to a person experiencing an elevated body temperature, debilitating heat stress, exhaustion, and even a potentially fatal heat stroke.
- The UHI in Chennai adds between 2° to 4° C to temperatures in nearby rural areas. So, when the maximum temperature is 40° C elsewhere, parts of Chennai could register between 42° to 44° C.
- Under high humidity conditions, wet-bulb temperature (indicating the extent to which evaporation can take place and facilitate cooling) of around 38.5° C is considered by the World Health Organization to be “near the limits of human survivability”.
- In India, a heatwave is officially declared in coastal areas when the maximum temperatures are over 37° C and 4.5° C above normal.
- Clearly, with an UHI, heatwave conditions are quite easily breached in Chennai. The effects could be much worse, even dangerous, when compared to inland, rural areas.
Initiatives of the government
- India has national, State and even some district-level Heat Action Plans (HAP) to reduce morbidity and mortality, especially among the vulnerable poor, infants and the elderly.
- The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Guidelines, which are being upgraded, and those of several States, outline measures to deal with heatwaves including early warning bulletins, and staggered work hours at outdoor construction sites, with shaded areas and temporary shelters, and strategic provisioning of drinking water and oral rehydration salts.
- Besides such post facto responses to heatwaves, longer term measures are needed to deal with UHI and reduce urban heat.
Suggestions to tackle it
- Increasing green cover, obviously, tops the list. Green areas such as urban forests, large greens and parks, avenue and other trees, even lawns, release moisture which evaporates and cools the environs.
- Well-distributed green areas also influence local micro-climate, reduce air pollution, and promote health and well being.
- Tree-lined and shaded walkways and tracks provide pedestrians, cyclists and itinerant workers shelter from the blazing sun, and also encourage non-motorised transportation.
- With such multiple benefits, green areas are considered essential for sustainable urban development by UN Habitat, which recommends that green spaces be available for all citizens within 400 metres from their residence.
- Congested, poorly ventilated localities and informal settlements of the urban poor suffer the most from UHI and would benefit from green areas, parks and waterbodies that are nearby.
On the use of air-conditioners, energy saving
- A less understood factor behind UHI is waste heat from air-conditioning.
- In Chennai, as in other Indian metros, roughly 50% of electricity consumption during summer is for air-conditioning alone, which vent heat out.
- The more the UHI, the greater the use of air-conditioning, generating even more heat in a nasty feedback loop.
- It is estimated that moving towards more energy-efficient (EE) air-conditioning, through a combination of mandates for the purchase of five-star or split EE air-conditioners and incentives for the exchange of older air-conditioners for new EE units could reduce UHI by as much as 1.5° C.
- Cities such as Shanghai and Seoul have reported a significant reduction in UHI through such strategies.
- Several east Asian cities have in addition mandated other energy-saving measures for air-conditioning such as having a thermostat setting of 25° C in offices and commercial buildings.
- Energy savings can also accrue from switching off air-conditioners (and other appliances) from the mains rather than by remote control (this leaves appliances on low power-consuming stand-by mode).
- Greater consciousness about climate change would undoubtedly help but savings of roughly 25% on electricity charges, would also act as a powerful driver of change.
- Further, if buildings are better insulated and ventilated, and constructed using appropriate designs and materials according to “green” building codes, they would require less air-conditioning and generate less waste heat.
- Having permeable pavings and walkways using alternative materials, increased shrubbery along sidewalks, berms and dividers, and reflective paint on roofs, walls and streets, are other measures to reduce UHI.
- A sharp reduction in personal vehicles through a rapid scaling-up of effective public transport with electric buses, would be another major contribution.
Way forward
Chennai is one of a very few cities in India to have adopted a Climate Action Plan, but there is considerable scope for improvement. The city and its residents should utilise this opportunity to ensure long-term policies and measures to cool the city, improve liveability, and set an example for the rest of India.
Editorial 2 : Splash back
Context
Private rocket flights herald prospects more valuable than commercial fortune
Agnibaan
- On May 30, a start-up named Agnikul Cosmos successfully conducted the first test flight of its rocket ‘Agnibaan’ in a mission called ‘Suborbital Tech Demonstrator’ (SOrTeD).
- The flight was Agnikul’s fifth attempt after the first four were called off owing to suboptimal launch conditions.
- ‘Agnibaan’ is a two-stage, 14-tonne launch vehicle designed to lift small satellites to low-earth orbits.
- Both stages are powered by bespoke semi-cryogenic engines. The test flight flew a ‘minimal’ version of the rocket with one engine (or stage).
- Notably, many of the vehicle’s components, including the engines, are 3D-printed, and Agnikul has said it will be able to build one rocket a month.
- With the test flight, Agnikul took ‘Agnibaan’ on its first steps towards being a full-fledged launch vehicle, which will expand India’s commercial launch services offering in keeping with the expanding market for small satellites and the services they can provide.
- The roster is currently dominated by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and will soon be joined by the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle, both of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
- One blip Agnikul will have to address is the subpar communication of the parameters of the test flight. This is one area in which ISRO has not distinguished itself and it is important for new space startups to steer clear of the same mould.
The broader implications of private rocket flights
- The flights of ‘Agnibaan’ — and Skyroot’s ‘Vikram’ in 2022 — herald two prospects more valuable than commercial fortune. ISRO and/or scientists trained there have shared technical know-how and provided physical systems for many private missions, which these startups are now testing, cutting short the time and expenses required.
- Likewise, these startups are poised now to light the way for ISRO and others, potentially accelerating innovation in the sector.
- For example, ISRO has been testing a semi-cryogenic engine of its own that could draw from lessons learnt at Agnikul.
- The government must ensure that the corresponding bureaucratic and legal frameworks encourage the free flow of knowledge.
- Second, in April, ISRO said it had developed engine nozzles made of a carbon-carbon composite to replace the Columbium alloy nozzles on the PSLV’s fourth stage.
- The switch increased PSLV’s payload capacity by 15 kg — a significant amount for an already technologically mature launch vehicle, made possible by education and research opportunities that allowed know-how accrued in some sectors to disperse in others.
- This privilege is currently most pronounced in India’s spacefaring enterprise. As more innovation enters the fray, it is hoped that the resulting solutions and insights will benefit everything, from aerospace to zoology.
Conclusion
Overall, private rocket flights herald a new era of possibilities in space exploration, with far-reaching implications for science, technology, economics, and society as a whole.
