The Mauryan Empire (c. 322–185 BCE) was a significant period in Indian history marked by substantial religious developments. This era witnessed the flourishing of major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, each of which had profound impacts on society, culture, and politics.
1. Hinduism
A. Continuity and Transformation
- Hinduism remained a prominent religion during the Mauryan Empire. It was characterized by a variety of beliefs, practices, and texts, including the Vedas, Upanishads, and various Puranas.
- The Puranas served to preserve and propagate myths and legends, helping to popularize deities and narratives that are fundamental to Hindu belief systems.
B. Royal Patronage
- Rulers of the Mauryan dynasty, especially Ashoka, played a vital role in the promotion of Hindu practices alongside Buddhism.
- Hindu priests held significant social status, and royal patronage of Hindu temples continued, supporting both the religious and economic aspects of the society.
2. Buddhism
A. Ashoka’s Conversion and Influence
- Ashoka (c. 268–232 BCE) was a key figure in the promotion of Buddhism. After the Kalinga War, which caused massive destruction and loss of life, he embraced Buddhism, advocating for non-violence, compassion, and dharma (moral law).
- Ashoka’s conversion significantly influenced the spread of Buddhism across the Indian subcontinent and beyond.
B. Edicts of Ashoka
- Ashoka’s Edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the empire, are vital records of his policies and philosophical stance. They encouraged ethical living, respect for all life forms, and the importance of moral conduct.
- Key edicts were found in places like Lumbini, Sarnath, and Kalinga, promoting Buddhist values and practices.
C. Spread of Buddhism
- The Mauryan Empire saw the establishment of many stupas and monasteries. Buddhist monastic institutions were supported, leading to the flourishing of Buddhist scholarship.
- Ashoka sent missionaries, including his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitra, to regions like Sri Lanka, significantly influencing the spread of Buddhism.
3. Jainism
A. Continued Growth
- Jainism, emphasizing non-violence (ahimsa), truth (satya), and asceticism, continued to thrive during the Mauryan period. The faith attracted followers from various social strata, including merchants and the elite.
- Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, whose teachings emphasized ethical living and self-discipline, remained influential.
B. Influence of Royalty
- Although Jainism did not receive the same level of royal patronage as Buddhism during Ashoka’s reign, it remained a respected and significant faith in Indian society.
4. Religious Syncretism
A. Blending of Beliefs
- The period saw a blending of religious beliefs and practices. For example, some Buddhist texts incorporated Hindu deities, and there was mutual respect between followers of different religions.
- Brahmanical rituals were practiced alongside Buddhist ceremonies, leading to a rich tapestry of religious life.
5. Places of Religious Significance
A. Major Sites
- Lumbini: The birthplace of Buddha, which gained prominence as a pilgrimage site.
- Sarnath: The site where Buddha delivered his first sermon, becoming a central location for Buddhist teaching and practice.
- Bodh Gaya: Although less emphasized during the Mauryan period, it became crucial later as the place of Buddha’s enlightenment.
- Pataliputra (modern Patna): The capital of the Mauryan Empire, where significant religious discussions and gatherings took place.
6. Religious Councils
A. Buddhist Councils
- The First Buddhist Council was held shortly after Buddha’s death, but during Ashoka’s reign, the Third Buddhist Council (c. 250 BCE) was convened under his patronage.
- This council aimed to purify the Buddhist order and codify Buddhist teachings, leading to the compilation of the Pali Canon. It was held at Pataliputra and led by Monk Moggaliputta Tissa.
7. Conclusion
The Mauryan period was marked by significant religious developments that shaped the future trajectory of Indian religions. Ashoka’s promotion of Buddhism and the continued growth of Hinduism and Jainism characterized this era. The establishment of edicts, the support for monastic institutions, and the patronage of various faiths by the Mauryan rulers led to a rich religious landscape that influenced social and cultural practices in India for centuries to come. The intermingling of beliefs and the growth of pilgrimage sites also set the stage for the vibrant religious culture that would evolve in subsequent periods.
