The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution encompass a variety of principles, including those with liberal intellectual foundations. Liberalism is a political and philosophical tradition that emphasizes individual rights, limited government intervention, and the protection of personal freedoms. Several DPSP reflect liberal intellectual principles, promoting individual liberties, social justice, and the rule of law.
- Right to Education (Article 41):
- Liberal intellectual principles often stress the importance of education as a fundamental right. Article 41 of the DPSP directs the State to ensure that citizens have the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement.
- Right to Work (Article 41):
- Liberalism generally supports the idea that individuals have the right to work and earn a livelihood. Article 41 of the DPSP recognizes the right of every citizen to work and earn a living wage.
- Equal Pay for Equal Work (Article 39(d)):
- Liberal principles of equality are reflected in Article 39(d) of the DPSP, which directs the State to ensure that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
- Protection of Minorities (Article 29 and 30):
- Liberalism emphasizes the protection of minority rights. Article 29 and 30 of the DPSP safeguard the rights of minorities to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture, and to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
- Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):
- The liberal principle of the rule of law is reinforced by Article 32, which provides citizens with the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. This ensures that individuals have access to legal remedies to protect their liberties.
- Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28):
- Liberalism supports the freedom of religion. Articles 25-28 of the DPSP guarantee individuals the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion. This reflects the liberal principle of protecting religious freedom and diversity.
- Abolition of Untouchability (Article 17):
- Liberal principles of equality and human dignity are reflected in Article 17, which abolishes “untouchability” and forbids its practice in any form. This aligns with liberal ideals of equal treatment and human rights.
- Protection of Tribal Interests (Article 46):
- Liberal principles of justice and inclusivity are evident in Article 46, which directs the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections.
- Protection of Environment and Wildlife (Article 48-A):
- Liberal intellectual principles acknowledge the importance of environmental protection. Article 48-A of the DPSP mandates the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife.
While the DPSP contains principles influenced by various political and philosophical traditions, the incorporation of liberal intellectual principles underscores a commitment to individual rights, equality, and social justice within the constitutional framework.
