The split in Jainism into the two main sects, Shvetambara and Digambara, occurred over several centuries, primarily in response to doctrinal differences, ascetic practices, and interpretations of Jain teachings. This division significantly influenced Jain philosophy, practices, and community structures.
1. Historical Context of the Split
Jainism’s roots trace back to Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, who established the core principles of the religion. After Mahavira’s death in 527 BCE, the Jain community began to organize and formalize its teachings. However, differences in interpretations, particularly regarding ascetic practices and the nature of scriptures, led to tensions among followers. By the 1st century CE, these tensions culminated in a significant schism, resulting in the emergence of two distinct sects: Shvetambara and Digambara.
2. Shvetambara Sect
A. Definition and Beliefs
- Name Meaning: “White-clad,” referring to the practice of wearing white garments.
- Core Beliefs:
- Shvetambaras believe that monks and nuns can wear white clothes, symbolizing purity.
- They maintain that women can achieve liberation (moksha) without the need to be reborn as men.
- Their scriptures, known as the Agamas, include various texts, including the Samayasara and Niyamasara.
B. Key Personalities
- Bhadrabahu (c. 4th century BCE):
- A prominent monk associated with the Shvetambara tradition.
- Credited with the Kalpasutra, a crucial text that outlines Jain monastic rules and the lives of Tirthankaras.
- Acharya Hemachandra (1088–1173 CE):
- A significant figure in the Shvetambara tradition, known for his literary and philosophical contributions.
- His works include Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Charitra, detailing the lives of prominent figures in Jainism.
C. Key Events
- First Jain Council (c. 300 BCE): Held in Pataliputra, where the teachings of Mahavira were compiled, laying the groundwork for Shvetambara beliefs.
3. Digambara Sect
A. Definition and Beliefs
- Name Meaning: “Sky-clad,” referring to the practice of renunciation of clothing as a mark of extreme asceticism.
- Core Beliefs:
- Digambaras believe that true monks must renounce all possessions, including clothes, symbolizing complete detachment from the material world.
- They assert that women cannot achieve liberation without first being reborn as men, which reflects their stringent view on gender roles.
- Their primary texts include the Shatkhandagama and Kasayapahuda.
B. Key Personalities
- Acharya Kundakunda (1st century CE):
- A revered philosopher and ascetic, he significantly influenced the Digambara sect through his writings.
- His works, like the Niyamasara, elaborate on the nature of the soul and the path to liberation.
- Acharya Umaswami (c. 2nd century CE):
- An important figure in the development of Digambara philosophy.
- Authored the Tattvartha Sutra, a foundational text that provides a comprehensive overview of Jain doctrine.
C. Key Events
- Second Jain Council (c. 500 CE): Held in Vallabhi, where debates and discussions solidified the differences between the two sects. The Digambaras were increasingly recognized for their interpretation of scriptures, leading to a formal division.
4. Causes of the Split
- Doctrinal Differences: Variances in interpretations of Jain texts and teachings, particularly concerning ascetic practices, the status of women, and the nature of liberation.
- Scriptural Disputes: Differences in the accepted scriptures and texts between the sects led to diverging philosophical and ethical frameworks.
- Geographical Factors: The geographical spread of Jain communities also influenced their practices. As Jains migrated to different regions, localized customs and interpretations emerged.
5. Important Places Associated with the Sects
- Pataliputra: The site of the First Jain Council, critical in establishing foundational texts for Shvetambara Jains.
- Vallabhi: The location of the Second Jain Council, where significant doctrinal discussions occurred, solidifying the split.
- Shravanabelagola: A major pilgrimage center for both sects, known for the colossal statue of Gommateshwara, symbolizing Jain values.
6. Impact of the Split
- Cultural Development: The divergence allowed for distinct cultural expressions within Jainism, with both sects contributing to art, literature, and philosophy.
- Community Structures: Each sect developed its own monastic orders and community structures, influencing social organization within Jainism.
- Philosophical Growth: The split spurred further philosophical inquiry and interpretation, enriching Jain thought and practice.
7. Conclusion
The split between the Shvetambara and Digambara sects represents a significant chapter in Jain history, illustrating the dynamic nature of religious interpretation and community formation. This division has led to the flourishing of distinct traditions within Jainism, each contributing to the rich tapestry of Indian spirituality and philosophy. The teachings, practices, and literature developed by both sects continue to resonate with followers and influence contemporary Jain thought and practices.
