JULY 03 UPSC Current Affairs – PM IAS

Phone Tapping and the Right to Privacy in India: A Balancing Act

Syllabus: GS2/Governance (Government policies and interventions; fundamental rights); GS2/Polity (Indian Constitution – Fundamental Rights); GS3/Internal Security (Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security).

Context: The power of government agencies to intercept telephonic and digital communications, commonly known as phone tapping, stands at a critical intersection with an individual’s fundamental Right to Privacy in India. This tension has been a recurring subject of legal scrutiny, with the judiciary consistently emphasizing the need for robust safeguards against arbitrary surveillance. Recent rulings by the Madras High Court in July 2025 have once again reinforced the strict conditions under which phone tapping can be legally justified, reiterating that it constitutes a serious invasion of privacy unless backed by a procedure “established by law” that is “just, fair, and reasonable.”

Legal Framework Governing Phone Tapping in India:

The legal authority for phone tapping primarily stems from two key legislations:

1. The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885:
   • Section 5(2): This is the primary provision that empowers the Central or State Government (or officers specially authorized) to intercept messages. It allows interception only under specific, stringent grounds:
     • “On the occurrence of any public emergency“
     • “In the interests of public safety“
     • And for reasons related to:
       • Sovereignty and integrity of India
       • Security of the State
       • Friendly relations with foreign States
       • Public order
       • Preventing incitement to the commission of an offense.
   • Crucially, the law requires the recording of reasons in writing for such an order.
   • Rule 419-A of the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951 (as amended): These rules, formulated based on Supreme Court directives, lay down the detailed procedural safeguards for interception orders.
2. The Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000:
   • Section 69: This section grants the Central or State Government (or any officer specially authorized) the power to issue directions for the interception, monitoring, or decryption of any information generated, transmitted, received, or stored in any computer resource. This extends the scope of surveillance to digital communications like emails, WhatsApp messages, and other internet-based communications.
   • The grounds for interception under Section 69 are similar to the Telegraph Act: sovereignty, integrity, security, public order, preventing incitement to cognizable offenses, etc.
   • Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception, Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules, 2009: These rules govern the procedural aspects for electronic/digital communication interception under the IT Act.

The Right to Privacy and Judicial Pronouncements:

The judiciary has played a pivotal role in defining the contours of phone tapping in relation to the fundamental right to privacy:

1. People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India (1996) / 1997:
   • This landmark Supreme Court judgment was the first major ruling explicitly linking telephone tapping to the Right to Privacy.
   • The Court held that “telephone tapping is a serious invasion of an individual’s privacy” and that the right to hold a telephone conversation in the privacy of one’s home or office is part of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.
   • Recognizing the potential for misuse of power under Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act, the Supreme Court laid down stringent procedural safeguards that were later codified in Rule 419-A:
     • Authorization: Orders for interception can only be issued by the Union Home Secretary or the Home Secretary of the concerned State Government. In urgent cases, this power can be delegated to an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary in the Home Department.
     • Recording of Reasons: The order must be in writing and record the reasons for interception.
     • Necessity and Proportionality: The order must consider whether the information deemed necessary could reasonably be acquired by other means. Interception must be limited to specific numbers/addresses.
     • Time Limit: An interception order is valid for a maximum of two months from the date of issue unless renewed. The total period cannot exceed six months.
     • Review Committee: A high-level Review Committee (Cabinet Secretary, Law Secretary, and Telecom Secretary at the Centre; Chief Secretary, Law Secretary, and another member appointed by the State at the State level) must review all interception orders within two months. If it finds the order not in accordance with Section 5(2), it can declare it invalid and order the destruction of intercepted material.
     • Destruction of Records: All copies of intercepted communications must be destroyed as soon as their retention is no longer necessary.
2. K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017):
   • This watershed judgment by a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court declared the Right to Privacy as a fundamental right unequivocally, inherent in Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) and other freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution.
   • The Court established a three-fold test for any state action that infringes on privacy:
     • Legality: The action must be sanctioned by law.
     • Necessity: It must be for a legitimate state aim.
     • Proportionality: The means adopted must be proportionate to the object sought to be achieved, and there must be no less intrusive alternative available.
   • The Puttaswamy judgment reinforced the importance of the safeguards laid down in the PUCL case, making it clear that any interception must meet these stringent constitutional standards.
3. Recent Madras High Court Rulings (July 2025):
   • In a significant verdict, the Madras High Court quashed a 2011 phone-tapping order issued by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in connection with a CBI investigation into a bribery case.
   • Key Findings:
     • The court reiterated that phone tapping constitutes a violation of the right to privacy unless strictly justified by a procedure established by law.
     • It emphasized that Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act permits interception only in cases of “public emergency” or “in the interests of public safety.” These conditions are not “secretive” or for “covert operations aimed at detection of crimes.”
     • The court explicitly stated that the law, as it stands, does not permit phone tapping merely for the detection of crime unless it meets the high threshold of public emergency or public safety.
     • Non-compliance with the procedural safeguards, such as failure to place intercepted material before the Review Committee within the stipulated time, renders the interception unconstitutional and without jurisdiction.
     • Consequently, any evidence collected through such illegal interception cannot be used for any purpose.
   • This ruling significantly limits the executive’s power to resort to phone tapping for routine crime detection and reinforces the principle that fundamental rights cannot be bypassed even in serious cases like corruption.

Concerns and Challenges:

Despite the robust legal framework and judicial pronouncements, concerns regarding phone tapping persist:

1. Vague Grounds: The terms “public emergency” and “public safety” in Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act, though interpreted by the Supreme Court, can still be subject to broad interpretation, potentially leading to misuse.
2. Lack of Judicial Oversight: Unlike many developed democracies, India’s framework primarily relies on executive oversight (Review Committee) rather than mandatory prior judicial authorization for interception orders.
3. Mass Surveillance Potential: Concerns remain about the possibility of mass surveillance or indiscriminate interception, particularly in the context of digital communications where vast amounts of data can be collected.
4. Absence of a Comprehensive Data Protection Law (historically): While the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 has been enacted, its full implementation and the framing of rules related to surveillance are crucial to provide a comprehensive framework. Prior to this, the lack of specific safeguards for surveillance left citizens’ data and communications vulnerable.
5. Distinction between Metadata and Content: The law often doesn’t adequately differentiate between metadata (who called whom, when, for how long) and content (the actual conversation), both of which can reveal sensitive information.
6. Transparency and Accountability: The lack of public disclosure regarding the number of interception orders issued and reviewed, and the outcomes, hinders transparency and public accountability.
7. Private Tapping: Illegal phone tapping by private individuals or entities remains a concern, with existing laws needing stronger enforcement to deter such activities.

Way Forward:

To further strengthen the balance between national security/public order and the right to privacy, the following measures are crucial:

1. Strengthening Statutory Provisions: Consider a comprehensive review of the Telegraph Act and IT Act provisions related to interception, potentially incorporating stricter definitions for “public emergency” and “public safety.”
2. Introducing Judicial Oversight: Explore the feasibility of incorporating a mechanism for prior judicial authorization or at least judicial review of interception orders, similar to practices in other democracies, to enhance checks and balances.
3. Comprehensive Data Protection Framework: Ensure robust implementation of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, with clear rules and safeguards specifically addressing government surveillance powers.
4. Enhanced Transparency: Publish aggregate data on interception orders, their duration, and outcomes (without compromising national security) to improve public accountability.
5. Strengthening Review Mechanisms: Empower the Review Committees with greater independence, resources, and punitive powers to ensure strict compliance with procedural safeguards.
6. Training and Awareness: Conduct regular training for law enforcement agencies on the legal nuances and constitutional limitations of interception powers, emphasizing respect for privacy.
7. Technology Neutrality: Ensure that the legal framework for interception is technology-neutral, covering all forms of communication, including emerging technologies.
8. Penalties for Illegal Interception: Stricter penalties and more effective enforcement against unauthorized or illegal phone tapping by any entity, public or private.

The recent Madras High Court judgment serves as a vital reminder that while the state has a legitimate interest in maintaining security and order, it must do so within the bounds of law and with the utmost respect for fundamental rights. The ongoing evolution of this jurisprudence is critical for safeguarding the privacy of Indian citizens in an increasingly digital world.

Prime Minister’s Historic State Visit to Ghana: Deepening a Comprehensive Partnership

Syllabus: GS2/International Relations (India and its neighborhood- relations; Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests; Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora); GS3/Economy (Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment).

Context:Prime Minister Narendra Modi undertook a landmark two-day State Visit to Ghana from July 2 to 3, 2025, as the first leg of his extensive five-nation tour that also included Trinidad & Tobago, Argentina, Brazil, and Namibia. This visit marked a historic moment, being the first bilateral visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Ghana in over 30 years, signaling India’s strong commitment to deepening its engagement with West Africa and the broader Global South. The visit elevated the existing warm ties between India and Ghana to a “Comprehensive Partnership,” with a renewed focus on bolstering cooperation across strategic, economic, and cultural domains.

Key Highlights of the Visit:

1. Historic Reception:
   • PM Modi received a grand ceremonial welcome upon his arrival at Kotoka International Airport in Accra, including a 21-gun salute and a guard of honor, personally received by Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama.
   • He was conferred with “The Officer of the Order of the Star of Ghana,” the nation’s highest civilian honor, by President Mahama, highlighting the deep respect and significance Ghana attaches to the relationship.
   • The visit saw a vibrant engagement with the 15,000-strong Indian diaspora in Ghana, reflecting strong people-to-people ties.
2. Parliamentary Address:
   • PM Modi made history by becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to address the Parliament of Ghana, emphasizing the shared democratic values, historical bonds forged during independence struggles, and a common commitment to democracy and inclusive development.
   • He reiterated India’s role as a voice for the Global South, highlighting the African Union’s permanent membership in the G20 during India’s presidency as a matter of pride.
3. Bilateral Talks and Elevation of Partnership:
   • PM Modi held extensive bilateral and delegation-level talks with President John Dramani Mahama at Jubilee House in Accra.
   • The leaders formally agreed to elevate the India-Ghana relationship to a “Comprehensive Partnership,” signaling a more strategic and multifaceted engagement.
4. Key Agreements and Commitments:
   • Doubling Bilateral Trade: Both leaders set an ambitious target to double bilateral trade from the current $3 billion to $6 billion within the next five years.
   • Defence and Security Cooperation: Agreed to enhance cooperation under the mantra of “security through stability,” expanding collaboration in areas such as:
     • Training of armed forces
     • Maritime security (given Ghana’s strategic location in the Gulf of Guinea)
     • Defence supplies
     • Cybersecurity
   • Counter-Terrorism Efforts: Expressed strong solidarity against terrorism, condemning recent attacks (including the Pahalgam attack in India) and committing to strengthening cooperation in counter-terrorism.
   • Economic Restructuring and Development Partnership: India pledged full support for Ghana’s ongoing economic restructuring and reiterated its commitment as a key development partner.
     • India offered to share its experiences in Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), particularly the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), to aid Ghana’s digital transformation.
     • Pledged support for Ghana’s ‘Feed Ghana’ program to enhance food security.
     • Offered to establish a Skill Development Centre in Ghana for youth vocational training.
     • Discussed cooperation in the exploration and mining of critical minerals, crucial for India’s industrial development and clean energy transition.
     • Emphasized collaboration in the healthcare sector, including vaccine production (with an aim to develop Ghana as a vaccine hub for West Africa) and providing affordable healthcare through Jan Aushadhi Kendras.
   • MoUs Signed: Four key Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) were exchanged:
     • Cultural Exchange Programme (CEP): To promote cultural understanding and exchanges in art, music, dance, literature, and heritage (2025-2029).
     • Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Ghana Standards Authority (GSA): To enhance cooperation in standardization, certification, and conformity assessment, facilitating smoother trade.
     • Institute of Traditional & Alternative Medicine (ITAM), Ghana and Institute of Teaching & Research in Ayurveda (ITRA), India: To collaborate in traditional medicine education, training, and research, showcasing India’s soft power and expertise in Ayurveda.
     • Joint Commission Meeting: To institutionalize high-level dialogue and regular review of bilateral cooperation mechanisms.

Historical Context of India-Ghana Relations:

• Shared Anti-Colonial Struggle: India and Ghana share deep historical ties rooted in their respective anti-colonial struggles and their roles as founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Kwame Nkrumah shared a common vision for a non-aligned Global South.
• Diplomatic Presence: India established its representative office in Accra in 1953, even before Ghana gained independence in 1957.
• Past Prime Ministerial Visits: While President Pranab Mukherjee visited Ghana in June 2016, the last visit by an Indian Prime Minister was by P.V. Narasimha Rao in November 1995, making PM Modi’s visit after three decades highly significant.
• Development Cooperation: India has extended over $450 million in concessional Lines of Credit (LoCs) and grants to Ghana for various infrastructure and capacity-building projects, including rural electrification and the Tema-Mpakadan Standard Gauge Railway Line.
• Capacity Building: Ghana has been a significant beneficiary of India’s capacity-building programs, including ITEC, ICCR scholarships, and the e-Vidya Bharati and e-Arogya Bharati digital network project.

Significance of the Visit:

1. Strengthening “Global South” Voice: The visit underscores India’s commitment to consolidating the voice of the Global South on international platforms, with Ghana being a crucial democratic anchor in West Africa.
2. Deepening African Engagement: It reaffirms India’s renewed focus on Africa, moving beyond traditional development aid to a more comprehensive partnership encompassing trade, technology transfer, and security cooperation.
3. Economic Opportunities: With Ghana undergoing economic restructuring and being a rapidly growing economy in West Africa, the visit opens new avenues for Indian businesses in sectors like critical minerals, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and digital infrastructure.
4. Strategic Partnership: Enhancing defense and security ties with Ghana, particularly in maritime security and counter-terrorism, is strategically important for India’s broader security interests in the Indian Ocean region and West Africa.
5. Soft Power Projection: The cultural exchange, traditional medicine collaboration, and sharing of DPI like UPI demonstrate India’s growing soft power and its model of demand-driven, collaborative development.
6. Diversification of Trade and Resources: Ghana’s rich natural resources, particularly gold (accounting for over 70% of India’s imports from Ghana), and its emerging oil and gas sector offer opportunities for India’s energy and resource security.

Way Forward:

The elevation of ties to a “Comprehensive Partnership” sets a strong foundation. The way forward involves:

• Timely Implementation of MoUs: Ensuring the swift and effective implementation of the signed MoUs, particularly the institutionalization of high-level dialogue through the Joint Commission.
• Private Sector Engagement: Encouraging greater private sector investment and collaboration from both sides, leveraging the new framework to explore opportunities in priority sectors.
• Follow-up on Commitments: Regular monitoring of progress on specific commitments, such as doubling bilateral trade, establishing the Skill Development Centre, and advancing cooperation in critical minerals and vaccine production.
• People-to-People Connect: Continue to foster strong cultural and educational exchanges, leveraging the Indian diaspora’s role in strengthening bilateral bonds.
• Addressing Regional Challenges: Collaborative efforts in addressing regional challenges such as terrorism from the Sahel region and maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea.

Prime Minister Modi’s historic visit to Ghana marks a new chapter in India-Ghana relations, signifying a deeper, more strategic, and mutually beneficial partnership that aligns with both nations’ aspirations for growth, security, and global influence.

Gig Workers in India Intensify Calls for Minimum Wages and Social Security Amidst Evolving Regulatory Landscape

Syllabus: GS3/Economy (Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment); GS2/Governance (Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation; Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population).

Context: As of July 2025, the burgeoning gig economy in India, projected to employ over 12 million workers, is at a critical juncture. Despite the significant role gig workers play in driving economic activity, they continue to grapple with precarious working conditions, unpredictable incomes, and a notable absence of comprehensive social security benefits. Against this backdrop, gig worker associations and trade unions are intensifying their demands for minimum wages, robust social security, and stronger legal protections, even as state and central governments introduce new measures to acknowledge and support this vital workforce.

The Gig Economy in India: A Snapshot

• Definition: Gig workers are individuals engaged in short-term, flexible jobs, typically facilitated by online platforms (aggregators) like Swiggy, Zomato, Ola, Uber, Rapido, Urban Company, etc. They operate outside the traditional employer-employee relationship, often classified as “independent contractors.”
• Growth: India’s gig workforce is rapidly expanding, with NITI Aayog projecting it to reach 2.35 crore by 2029-30.
• Diverse Roles: Gig work spans various sectors, from food and ride delivery to online content creation, software development, and home-based services.
• Demographics: Reports indicate that women make up nearly 28% of India’s gig economy workers, often finding flexibility beneficial for balancing work and personal life.

Key Demands of Gig Workers:

Gig workers and their representative bodies are vociferously advocating for:

1. Minimum Wages/Income Guarantee:
   • A core demand is for a guaranteed minimum wage or income based on logged-in hours, rather than solely per-task payment, to ensure a stable and dignified livelihood.
   • They call for an end to the continuous reduction in “rate cards” (per-task payment rates) by platforms.
   • Demands also include proper sharing of surcharge collected from consumers with workers and an end to “illogical and hefty penalty charges” that erode weekly earnings.
2. Comprehensive Social Security:
   • Extension of social security benefits, including health insurance, accident insurance, Employees’ State Insurance (ESI), Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) coverage, and pension plans.
   • Currently, gig workers are largely excluded from these benefits due to their “independent contractor” status.
   • Demand for the formation of a tripartite welfare board (comprising representatives from aggregators, workers, and government) at both state and national levels. This board would collect cess/contributions from companies, register workers, and manage their social security aspects.
3. Legal Recognition and Protection:
   • Formal legal recognition as “workers” (not merely independent contractors) under labor laws to extend protections like minimum wage guarantees, regulated working hours, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
   • Safeguards against arbitrary termination or “ID blocking,” demanding clear reasons in writing and prior notice.
   • Development of prompt and transparent grievance redressal mechanisms by platforms.
   • Protection against unfair algorithmic management practices and performance evaluation solely based on ratings.
4. Transparent Practices and Fair Working Conditions:
   • Demand for aggregators to follow transparent practices by sharing reasons for ID blocking and providing workers an opportunity to explain.
   • Provision of a safe working environment, free from risks to health.
   • Addressing the pressures from “10-minute delivery” strategies that endanger worker safety.

Government Initiatives and Evolving Regulatory Framework:

The Indian government, both at the central and state levels, has begun to acknowledge the vulnerabilities of gig workers and has taken steps towards providing social security, though a comprehensive framework is still evolving:

1. Code on Social Security, 2020 (CoSS, 2020):
   • This is a landmark legislation that, for the first time, legally defined ‘aggregator,’ ‘gig worker,’ and ‘platform worker,’ bringing them under the ambit of social security discussions.
   • It provided for the establishment of a Social Security Fund for gig and platform workers. However, specific schemes and their implementation mechanisms under this Code are still being worked out. It does not provide full labor rights like minimum wage guarantees or regulated working hours.
2. Union Budget 2025-26:
   • A significant step was taken by the Union Budget 2025-26, which announced measures to extend formal recognition and social security benefits to gig workers.
   • Nearly 1 crore gig workers are now eligible for healthcare coverage under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), providing ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. This is a crucial health safety net.
   • The budget also committed to providing identity cards and facilitating e-Shram registration for gig workers.
   • The Ministry of Labour & Employment has increased its budget allocation significantly to support these initiatives.
3. e-Shram Portal:
   • This national database for unorganized workers, including gig workers, is a key tool for registration and identification.
   • An “aggregator module” has been piloted to allow digital platforms to register themselves and their workforce, making it easier for gig workers to apply for social security schemes.
   • However, registration remains a challenge, with states like Tamil Nadu reporting only about 7% of their gig worker population registered on their respective welfare boards.
4. State-Specific Legislation and Initiatives:
   • Rajasthan: In 2023, Rajasthan became the first state to enact a law, the Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Act, 2023. It provides for registration, a Welfare Board, and a Welfare Fund (financed by a cess on aggregators and government contributions).
   • Karnataka: The Draft Karnataka Platform Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare) Bill, 2024, proposes a Welfare Board and Fund, safeguards against unfair dismissals, grievance redressal mechanisms, and transparency in algorithmic monitoring. It mandates a “welfare fee” from aggregators.
   • Telangana: The Telangana Gig and Platform Workers (Registration, Social Security, and Welfare) Bill, 2025, (draft published in July 2025) proposes a “Gig and Platform Workers Social Security and Welfare Fund” financed by the government and aggregators. It includes provisions for fair termination processes (valid reasons in writing, 7-day notice), mandatory timely payouts, and safe working environments. The latest draft is considering replacing jail terms for aggregators violating provisions with heavier financial penalties.
   • Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu has included gig workers under the Tamil Nadu Manual Workers Act of 1982, establishing the Tamil Nadu Platform-Based Gig Workers Welfare Board in 2023. Registered workers can avail benefits like disability compensation, natural death aid, maternity aid, and marriage allowance.

Challenges and the Way Forward:

Despite these legislative and budgetary steps, significant challenges remain:

1. Implementation Gap: The effectiveness of central and state policies hinges on their robust and uniform implementation across all states.
2. Defining “Employee” vs. “Contractor”: The fundamental classification of gig workers remains a contentious issue. A clear legal distinction that recognizes their unique employment relationship while granting them essential rights is crucial.
3. Funding Social Security: While welfare funds are being proposed, ensuring adequate and sustainable financing for comprehensive social security benefits will require continuous commitment from both government and aggregators.
4. Data Collection and Classification: Accurate data on the gig workforce is vital for effective policy formulation. Current labor surveys often misclassify gig workers, leading to their statistical obscurity.
5. Aggregator Compliance: Ensuring that platform companies comply with new regulations, contribute to welfare funds, and adhere to fair working conditions requires strict oversight and enforcement.
6. Worker Awareness and Registration: Low registration rates on welfare portals highlight a need for extensive awareness campaigns and simplified registration processes, considering the mobile nature of gig work.
7. Portability of Benefits: Designing a system of portable social security benefits that gig workers can carry across different platforms and states is essential.
8. Grievance Redressal: Establishing effective, accessible, and fair grievance redressal mechanisms for workers to address issues like unfair deactivation, payment discrepancies, and working conditions.

The growing protests by gig worker unions, including their participation in nationwide general strikes (like the one called for July 9, 2025, by central trade unions against labor codes), underscore the urgency of these demands. While the government has made initial strides in recognizing gig workers and extending some social security, a truly equitable gig economy in India will require a more comprehensive, rights-based approach that guarantees minimum wages, robust social security, and strong legal protections, moving beyond partial welfare measures to institutionalize their rights as an integral part of the workforce.

EU Unveils Overdue Target to Curb Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2040: A Milestone Amidst Debates

Syllabus: GS2/International Relations (Important International Institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate); GS3/Environment (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment; Climate Change).

Context: As of July 2, 2025, the European Commission formally unveiled its highly anticipated and long-overdue proposal for a 90% net reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2040, compared to 1990 levels. This critical intermediate target, legally required under the European Climate Law (which enshrines the EU’s commitment to climate neutrality by 2050), serves as a crucial stepping stone between its current legally binding 55% reduction target by 2030 and the ultimate net-zero goal. While welcomed by many as a clear signal of continued climate ambition, the proposal has also sparked debate, particularly concerning the inclusion of “flexibilities” and carbon credits.

Background and Legislative Mandate:

The European Climate Law, which entered into force in July 2021, sets a legally binding target for the EU to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. It also mandates an intermediate target of at least a 55% net reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 (known as the “Fit for 55” package). Crucially, the law also required the European Commission to propose a 2040 climate target within six months of the first Global Stocktake of the Paris Agreement, which concluded in December 2023. This deadline effectively made the 2040 target overdue, facing delays and political pressures.

The Proposed 2040 Target and Key Elements:

The European Commission’s proposal, based on an in-depth impact assessment and advice from bodies like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change (ESABCC), outlines a trajectory for deep decarbonization:

1. Headline Target: A legally binding 90% net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2040 compared to 1990 levels. This is a net target, meaning it accounts for both emissions reductions and carbon removals.
2. Rationale:
   • Climate Urgency: Responding to the escalating impacts of climate change, which European citizens are increasingly experiencing (e.g., heatwaves).
   • Predictability for Industry and Investors: Providing long-term clarity and stability for businesses and investors to direct capital towards clean energy transition and low-carbon technologies.
   • Industrial Competitiveness: Strengthening European industrial leadership in clean technologies and creating new economic opportunities and jobs.
   • Energy Security and Resilience: Reducing reliance on fossil fuel imports and enhancing strategic independence.
   • International Leadership: Reaffirming the EU’s commitment to the Paris Agreement and setting a high bar for global climate ambition ahead of COP30 in Brazil in November 2025.
3. Pathways to Achievement: The target will necessitate transformative changes across all sectors, including:
   • Massive Expansion of Renewable Energy: Significant scale-up of wind, solar, and other renewable electricity generation.
   • Deep Electrification: Extensive electrification of end-use sectors like heating, cooling, and transport.
   • Energy Efficiency: Continued focus on energy efficiency measures across industries, buildings, and transport.
   • Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) / Removals: An increasingly important role for both nature-based (e.g., land use, land-use change, and forestry – LULUCF) and technological carbon removals (e.g., Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage – DACCS, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage – BioCCS).
   • Fossil Fuel Phase-out: Continued alignment of policies with fossil fuel phase-out goals.
   • Circular Economy: Promoting circular economy principles to reduce material consumption and associated emissions.

Controversial “Flexibilities” in the Proposal:

To gain broader support from hesitant member states and industries, the Commission’s proposal includes certain “flexibilities” that have drawn criticism from environmental groups:

1. International Carbon Credits (from 2036): The proposal allows for the use of “high-quality international carbon credits” under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to cover up to 3% of the 90% target from 2036 onwards.
   • Concerns: Environmental organizations argue this could weaken the target, create a loophole, potentially offset domestic action with less verifiable external reductions, and shift investment away from internal decarbonization efforts.
2. Integration of Permanent Carbon Removals into EU ETS: The proposal envisions integrating permanent carbon removals (e.g., DACCS, BioCCS) into the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), allowing them to generate tradable carbon allowances.
   • Concerns: While acknowledging the necessity of removals, critics call for strict safeguards and clear accounting to ensure these are additional, permanent, and do not compromise real emissions cuts.
3. Cross-Sectoral Flexibility for Member States: Countries will have increased flexibility to compensate for underperformance in one sector (e.g., transport) with overachievement in another (e.g., industry).
   • Concerns: While aimed at cost-efficiency, some fear this could allow certain sectors to lag in decarbonization, or that it might mix “uncertain reductions or removals from land-use sectors with permanent CO2 emissions.”

Next Steps in the Legislative Process:

The Commission’s proposal is not yet law. It will now be submitted to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (representing Member States) for discussion, negotiation, and adoption under the ordinary legislative procedure.

• The Parliament’s Environment Committee (ENVI) and potentially other committees will debate the proposal.
• MEPs recently rejected a motion to fast-track discussions, indicating potentially lengthy negotiations.
• The Council, comprising environment ministers from member states, will form its position.
• The EU aims to have the target agreed before COP30 in November 2025, to inform the EU’s next Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission under the Paris Agreement.

Implications and Challenges:

• Political Consensus: Achieving consensus among all 27 EU member states, given their diverse energy mixes, economic structures, and geopolitical concerns, will be challenging. Some member states (e.g., Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy) have expressed concerns about the costs and impacts on heavy industry.
• Industrial Competitiveness: The EU emphasizes that the target will boost industrial competitiveness, but industries like steel and chemicals are calling for robust “enabling conditions” and policy support (e.g., faster permitting, stronger grids, access to critical raw materials) to make the transition feasible and maintain their global position against competition.
• Just Transition: Ensuring a fair and equitable transition that leaves no one behind, particularly for vulnerable households and regions dependent on fossil fuel industries, will be paramount.
• Financial Investment: The 90% reduction will require massive investments in clean technologies and infrastructure, necessitating significant public and private financing.
• Global Impact: The EU’s target sends a strong signal to other major economies to raise their climate ambition and contribute to the global effort to limit warming to 1.5°C.

The EU’s proposed 2040 climate target represents a crucial step in its ambitious climate agenda, designed to provide a clear and legally binding pathway to climate neutrality. Its successful adoption and implementation will be vital not only for Europe’s environmental future but also for its industrial competitiveness and leadership in the global fight against climate change.

Custodial Deaths in India: A Persistent Human Rights Challenge and the Push for Accountability

Syllabus: GS2/Governance (Government policies and interventions; fundamental rights; issues relating to development and management of social sector/services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources); GS2/Polity (Indian Constitution – Fundamental Rights); GS3/Internal Security (Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security).

Context: Custodial deaths, referring to deaths that occur while a person is in police or judicial custody, continue to be a grave human rights concern in India. Despite constitutional safeguards, Supreme Court guidelines, and the establishment of human rights bodies, incidents of alleged torture, negligence, and denial of medical aid leading to deaths in custody persist. The recent case of B. Ajith Kumar in Tamil Nadu (July 2025), where a post-mortem confirmed multiple external and internal injuries suggesting torture, has once again brought the issue to the forefront, triggering public outrage, prompting arrests of police officials, and underscoring the urgent need for systemic reforms and accountability.

Understanding Custodial Deaths:

Custodial death typically refers to:

• Police Custody Deaths: Occur when an individual dies in the custody of police, usually during interrogation or detention before being produced before a magistrate. These are often linked to torture or excessive force.
• Judicial Custody Deaths: Occur when a person dies in prison or jail, having been remanded by a court. These can be due to natural causes (illness, old age), medical neglect, suicide, or sometimes violence within the prison system.

Statistics and Trends:

• National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Data: The NHRC regularly monitors custodial deaths, receiving intimations from authorities.
  • According to data shared by the Ministry of Home Affairs in Lok Sabha, the NHRC recorded 2,152 cases of deaths in judicial custody and 155 cases in police custody in 2021-22 (until Feb 28, 2022).
  • Over the past five years (leading up to 2021-22), judicial custody deaths consistently number over 1,500 annually, while police custody deaths are generally over 100 per year.
  • Uttar Pradesh often reports the highest number of deaths in judicial custody, while Maharashtra has reported a significant number of police custody deaths.
• Low Accountability: Despite numerous cases, disciplinary action or prosecution against erring officials remains notably low. For instance, in the five years leading up to 2021-22, disciplinary action was taken in only 21 cases of custodial deaths, with no direction for prosecution in any.

Causes and Factors Contributing to Custodial Deaths:

1. Custodial Violence and Torture: This is the most alarming cause. Police often resort to “third-degree” methods to extract confessions, leading to severe injuries and sometimes death.
   • Lack of an Anti-Torture Law: India has signed, but not ratified, the UN Convention Against Torture (UNCAT), 1997. This means it is not legally bound to implement its provisions, and there is no specific law criminalizing torture. The Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010, lapsed, and subsequent efforts have not materialized into comprehensive legislation.
2. Medical Neglect and Inadequate Healthcare:
   • In both police and judicial custody, denial or delay of timely and adequate medical attention for existing ailments or injuries sustained in custody is a major cause.
   • Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and staff shortages in prisons exacerbate health risks.
3. Suicide in Custody: Psychological stress, fear, and depression can lead to suicides, often linked to the conditions of detention or alleged abuse.
4. Natural Causes: Deaths due to pre-existing illnesses or old age are also reported, but concerns often arise regarding whether proper medical care was provided.
5. Lack of Accountability and Impunity:
   • Investigations into custodial deaths are often conducted by the same police department, leading to a lack of impartiality.
   • Delayed and opaque magisterial inquiries, and slow judicial processes, often result in impunity for perpetrators.
   • Political interference in policing can shield errant officers.
6. Procedural Flaws: Non-adherence to arrest procedures, failure to inform family members, and delayed production before a magistrate contribute to vulnerabilities.
7. Institutional Opacity: The functioning of police stations and prisons often lacks transparency, making it difficult for independent oversight bodies to monitor conditions.
8. Vulnerability of Marginalized Communities: Victims often belong to the poorest and most marginalized sections of society, lacking the resources or political influence to seek justice effectively.

Constitutional and Legal Framework and Safeguards:

• Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty): This fundamental right is central. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that this right extends to individuals in custody, guaranteeing protection from torture, inhuman, or degrading treatment.
• Article 20(3) (Protection against Self-Incrimination): Confessions extracted under duress are inadmissible as evidence.
• Article 22 (Protection against Arrest and Detention): Provides rights such as being informed of grounds of arrest, the right to consult a legal practitioner, and the right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.
• Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC):
  • Section 41: Mandates safeguards for arrest and detention, including the requirement for documented reasons and transparent procedures.
  • Section 176(1): Mandates a magisterial inquiry into cases of death or disappearance in custody, or rape in custody.
• Indian Penal Code (IPC) / Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) & Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS):
  • The newly enacted BNS (Section 120) criminalizes intentional infliction of harm by public servants to extract confessions.
  • The BNSS (Section 35) mandates documented procedures for arrests and detentions.
  • Other IPC sections like 302 (murder), 304 (culpable homicide), 330 (voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession), and 331 (causing grievous hurt to extort confession) can be invoked.
• D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) Supreme Court Guidelines: This landmark judgment laid down 11 mandatory guidelines to be followed by police during arrest and detention to prevent custodial torture and deaths. These include:
  • Prompt production of arrest memo.
  • Right of the arrested person to inform a relative/friend.
  • Mandatory medical examination of the arrested person every 48 hours.
  • Inspection memo with details of injuries on the body.
  • Display of a notice board with arrestee’s rights at police stations.
  • Magistrate’s duty to ensure compliance with these guidelines.
• National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): Has a crucial role in investigating custodial deaths and recommending compensation and disciplinary action. It mandates reporting of such incidents within 24 hours.
• State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs): Similar role at the state level.

Impact of Custodial Deaths:

• Gross Violation of Human Rights: Directly infringes upon the fundamental right to life, dignity, and freedom from torture.
• Erosion of Public Trust: Damages public faith in law enforcement agencies and the justice system.
• Impunity and Lawlessness: When perpetrators are not held accountable, it creates a culture of impunity and undermines the rule of law.
• International Disrepute: Reflects poorly on India’s human rights record on the global stage, especially as it has not ratified UNCAT.
• Cycle of Violence: Can perpetuate a cycle of distrust and resentment between citizens and the police.

Way Forward:

To effectively curb custodial deaths and ensure accountability, a multi-faceted approach is required:

1. Enact a Comprehensive Anti-Torture Law: Ratify UNCAT and enact specific legislation that defines and criminalizes torture, providing stringent penalties for perpetrators and compensation for victims. The 273rd Report of the Law Commission of India (2017) recommended this.
2. Independent Investigations: Mandate investigations into all custodial deaths by independent agencies (e.g., CBI, judicial inquiry, or a specialized independent police complaints authority) instead of internal police inquiries.
3. Strict Compliance with D.K. Basu Guidelines: Ensure strict and verifiable adherence to the Supreme Court’s D.K. Basu guidelines. Any violation should lead to immediate disciplinary action.
4. CCTV Cameras in Police Stations and Prisons: Mandatory installation of high-quality, functional CCTV cameras in all police stations (especially interrogation rooms and lock-ups) and prisons, with footage regularly reviewed by senior officers and accessible for judicial scrutiny. The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized this.
5. Judicial Oversight: Strengthen the role of judicial magistrates in ensuring the well-being of arrested persons, including thorough examination of their physical condition and strict adherence to remand procedures.
6. Police Reforms: Implement pending police reforms as recommended by various commissions (e.g., Prakash Singh v. Union of India, 2006 case) to ensure greater autonomy, accountability, and professionalism. This includes separating investigation from law and order duties.
7. Capacity Building and Training: Regular human rights training for all police and prison personnel, focusing on lawful interrogation techniques, de-escalation, medical first aid, and ethical conduct.
8. Transparency and Data: Publicly disclose data on custodial deaths, investigations, and actions taken against officials to ensure greater transparency and foster public trust.
9. Victim Compensation and Rehabilitation: Ensure prompt and adequate compensation to victims’ families, and offer psychological support and rehabilitation where needed.
10. Prison Reforms: Address overcrowding, improve sanitation, enhance medical facilities, and increase staff strength in prisons.

The recent outrage over the Sivaganga custodial death in Tamil Nadu, leading to the arrest of police personnel and a CBI probe, highlights that public vigilance and judicial proactiveness are crucial. However, systemic change requires robust legislation, independent oversight, and a fundamental shift in police culture to uphold human rights as paramount.

Genome Sequencing: Unlocking the Blueprint of Life and its Transformative Potential

Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology (Biotechnology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights); GS2/Health (Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources).

Context: Genome sequencing, the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome, has revolutionized our understanding of biology, disease, and evolution. From being an arduous and costly endeavor, it has transformed into a rapidly accessible and increasingly affordable technology. As of July 2025, India is making significant strides in genomic research, with initiatives like the Genome India Project creating a vast database of genetic variations unique to its diverse population. This progress promises to unlock new frontiers in personalized medicine, disease prevention, and agricultural innovation, while also bringing to the fore critical ethical and privacy considerations.

What is Genome Sequencing?

A genome is the complete set of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains all of the genes and genetic information of an organism. Genome sequencing involves figuring out the precise order of the four chemical building blocks (bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine – A, C, G, T) that make up an organism’s DNA.

There are different types of genome sequencing:

• Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): Determines the entire DNA sequence of an organism’s genome, including both coding (exons) and non-coding (introns) regions.
• Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): Focuses only on the exome, the protein-coding regions of the genome (which make up only about 1-2% of the entire genome), as most known disease-causing mutations occur in these areas.
• Targeted Sequencing: Focuses on specific genes or regions of interest.

How it Works (Simplified):

1. DNA Extraction: DNA is extracted from a sample (e.g., blood, saliva, tissue).
2. Fragmentation: The long DNA strands are broken into smaller, manageable fragments.
3. Sequencing: Each fragment is then “read” to determine the order of its A, T, C, G bases using high-throughput automated machines (Next-Generation Sequencing – NGS technologies).
4. Assembly and Analysis: Powerful computer software assembles these millions of short reads back into the complete genomic sequence by identifying overlapping regions. Bioinformatics tools then analyze this massive data to identify genetic variations, mutations, or other insights.

Applications of Genome Sequencing:

The applications of genome sequencing are vast and expanding rapidly:

1. Personalized (Precision) Medicine:
   • Disease Diagnosis: Identifying genetic mutations or variations responsible for rare genetic disorders, inherited diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia), and predispositions to complex conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s.
   • Pharmacogenomics: Tailoring drug prescriptions based on an individual’s genetic makeup, predicting how they will metabolize a drug, determining the most effective dosage, and identifying potential adverse reactions. This reduces trial-and-error in treatment.
   • Cancer Treatment: Identifying specific genetic mutations in tumor cells (tumor sequencing) to guide targeted therapies and immunotherapies, leading to more effective and less toxic treatments.
   • Preventive Healthcare: Assessing an individual’s genetic risk for certain diseases allows for early interventions, lifestyle modifications, and proactive screening.
2. Disease Research and Epidemiology:
   • Understanding Disease Mechanisms: Unraveling the genetic underpinnings of various diseases, including complex conditions and infectious diseases.
   • Outbreak Tracking: Tracing the origin and spread of pathogens (viruses, bacteria) during epidemics (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic), monitoring their evolution, and identifying new variants. This informs public health responses and vaccine development.
3. Agriculture and Food Security:
   • Crop Improvement: Identifying genetic markers for desirable traits in crops (e.g., disease resistance, drought tolerance, higher yield, nutritional content) to accelerate breeding programs and develop more resilient varieties.
   • Livestock Breeding: Improving animal health, productivity, and disease resistance in livestock.
   • Food Safety: Detecting foodborne pathogens and ensuring food authenticity.
4. Forensics:
   • Crime Solving: DNA fingerprinting and sequencing are powerful tools for identifying suspects, victims, and establishing relationships, revolutionizing forensic science.
5. Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Conservation:
   • Studying genetic relationships between species, understanding evolutionary pathways, and mapping population migrations.
   • Aiding in conservation efforts by assessing genetic diversity within endangered species.

Recent Advancements and Developments in India (as of July 2025):

India is actively embracing genome sequencing, driven by its unique genetic diversity and the potential for healthcare transformation:

1. Genome India Project (GIP):
   • Milestone Achieved: The GIP, launched in January 2020 by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, achieved a significant milestone in early 2025 by making the genomic data of 10,000 individuals publicly accessible. This data, collected from 83 diverse populations across India, aims to create a comprehensive catalog of genetic variations unique to the Indian population.
   • Biobank: Over 20,000 samples have been collected, establishing a robust biobank for future research.
   • Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC): The data is archived securely at the IBDC in Faridabad, India’s first national life science data repository. Access is governed by the Biotech-PRIDE Guidelines and ‘Framework for Exchange of Data (FeED) Protocols’, promoting responsible data sharing.
   • Objective: To build a representative reference genome for the Indian population, enabling affordable genomics-based diagnostic tools and precision medicine tailored to Indian needs.
2. IndiGen Program (CSIR): The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has also undertaken the IndiGen program to sequence genomes from various Indian ethnic groups, contributing to the understanding of genetic diversity.
3. ‘One Day One Genome’ Initiative (DBT): This initiative focuses on sequencing unique bacterial species in India and understanding their roles in the environment, agriculture, and human health.
4. Cost Reduction: The cost of whole genome sequencing has plummeted dramatically over the years. Globally, it has dropped from billions of dollars for the first human genome to now under $1,000 (approx. ₹83,000) for sequencing a human genome. In India, services like Mapmygenome offer whole genome sequencing for around ₹89,000. While the raw sequencing cost is down, ancillary costs for data analysis, storage, and interpretation still add to the overall expense, creating challenges for widespread adoption in clinical settings.
5. Integration of AI: The genome sequencing market is witnessing increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for processing and interpreting large volumes of genetic data, pattern recognition, biomarker discovery, and personalized therapy.

Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI):

The rapid advancements in genome sequencing raise profound ELSI issues:

1. Privacy and Data Security:
   • Identifiability: Genomic data is inherently identifiable and contains highly sensitive personal information, not just about an individual but also their biological relatives.
   • Breaches: The risk of data breaches, misuse by third parties (e.g., employers, insurance companies), or discrimination based on genetic predispositions.
   • Data Sharing: Balancing the need for data sharing for research and public health with individual privacy rights. The Biotech-PRIDE Guidelines in India aim to address this.
2. Informed Consent: Ensuring that individuals fully understand the implications of genome sequencing, including incidental findings (unexpected results unrelated to the primary reason for sequencing) and potential future uses of their data, before providing consent.
3. Discrimination: Potential for genetic discrimination by insurance companies, employers, or even social stigmatization based on disease predispositions or genetic traits. Legislation may be needed to prevent this.
4. Incidental Findings: The ethical dilemma of disclosing unexpected, potentially serious health risks discovered during sequencing, even if they are not immediately actionable or have uncertain clinical relevance.
5. Equity and Access: Ensuring that the benefits of genomic medicine are accessible to all, not just the privileged, to prevent widening health disparities. The high cost of comprehensive interpretation and genetic counseling can be a barrier.
6. Regulation and Governance: The need for robust regulatory frameworks to govern genetic testing, data storage, research, and clinical applications, especially concerning gene editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9.
7. Psychological Impact: The emotional and psychological burden on individuals receiving information about their disease risks or predispositions.

Way Forward:

To harness the full potential of genome sequencing while mitigating its risks, a multi-pronged approach is essential:

1. Robust Data Governance: Implement strong data privacy and security frameworks, possibly through dedicated legislation building on the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, specifically for genomic data.
2. Ethical Guidelines and Oversight: Develop and enforce clear ethical guidelines for genetic testing, research, and clinical application, with strong oversight by independent ethics committees.
3. Genetic Counseling: Invest in training and expanding the workforce of genetic counselors to help individuals understand complex genomic information, its implications, and make informed decisions.
4. Public Awareness and Education: Increase public literacy about genomics, its benefits, limitations, and ethical considerations to foster informed decision-making.
5. Research and Development: Continue to invest in cutting-edge research to understand the functional implications of genetic variations, develop effective therapies, and reduce the cost of sequencing and interpretation.
6. Equitable Access: Develop strategies to make genomic medicine more affordable and accessible, potentially through public health programs or subsidized testing for certain conditions.
7. International Collaboration: Collaborate globally to standardize genomic data, share research findings, and address common ethical challenges.

Genome sequencing holds immense promise for transforming healthcare and addressing global challenges. As India progresses with initiatives like the Genome India Project, navigating the ethical labyrinth with foresight and robust policy will be crucial to ensure that this powerful technology benefits all of humanity.

DengiAll

“DengiAll” refers to an indigenous dengue vaccine currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials in India. This vaccine candidate represents a significant stride in India’s efforts to combat dengue fever, a major public health challenge in the country.

DengiAll: India’s Indigenous Dengue Vaccine

• Developer: DengiAll is being developed by Panacea Biotec Limited under a licensing agreement with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA, in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
• Type: It is a tetravalent live-attenuated vaccine, meaning it is designed to protect against all four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). This is crucial because prior infection with one serotype does not provide immunity against the others, and subsequent infections can be more severe.
• Composition: DengiAll has the same virus composition as the vaccine developed by NIH, with slight differences in inactive ingredients.
• Dosage: A key feature that differentiates it from some global counterparts (like Sanofi’s Dengvaxia and Takeda’s Qdenga) is its single-dose formulation. This is expected to significantly ease logistical and financial challenges associated with mass immunization campaigns in dengue-endemic regions.
• Clinical Trials:
  • Phase 1 and 2 trials: These earlier phases, conducted in India, demonstrated that the vaccine was safe, well-tolerated, and capable of eliciting a strong and balanced immune response across all four dengue virus types.
  • Phase 3 trials: Launched in August 2024, the Phase 3 clinical trial for DengiAll is a landmark event. It is being conducted across 19 sites in 18 states and union territories of India, involving more than 10,335 healthy adult participants.
    • Current Status (as of July 2025): Enrollment of participants is nearing completion, with over 70% of the target achieved. The trial aims to conclude enrollment by October 2025.
    • Follow-up: Participants will be monitored for a two-year follow-up period to assess the vaccine’s efficacy, long-term immunogenicity, and safety. This follow-up is expected to conclude by the end of 2027.
    • Regulatory Approval: Only after the completion of the two-year follow-up and data analysis can ICMR and Panacea Biotec submit their formal application for market authorization from the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI). If the vaccine demonstrates acceptable efficacy and a clean safety profile, it could potentially be launched by 2028.

Significance for India:

• High Dengue Burden: India accounts for a significant proportion of global dengue infections, with thousands of hospitalizations and deaths each year. An indigenous, effective vaccine is critically needed to reduce the public health and economic burden of the disease.
• “Atmanirbhar Bharat” in Healthcare: The development of DengiAll aligns with India’s vision of “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (self-reliant India) in the healthcare sector, showcasing its capabilities in vaccine research and development.
• Public Health Impact: A single-dose, effective vaccine can significantly reduce dengue incidence, lower hospital admissions, and save lives, particularly among vulnerable populations like children and the elderly.
• Unique Indian Data: Trials conducted within India ensure that the vaccine’s efficacy and safety are evaluated in the diverse Indian population, considering the specific serotypes circulating in the region.

Other Dengue Vaccines and India’s Landscape:

While DengiAll is India’s indigenous candidate, it’s important to note the broader landscape of dengue vaccines:

• Dengvaxia (Sanofi Pasteur): This was the first licensed dengue vaccine. However, it faced controversy, particularly in the Philippines, after studies showed that it could increase the risk of severe dengue in individuals who had not been previously infected with the dengue virus (seronegative individuals). Due to this, the World Health Organization (WHO) and regulatory bodies recommend its use only in individuals with laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and living in endemic areas. Dengvaxia is not currently approved or widely used in India due to these concerns and the lack of a robust pre-vaccination screening program for serostatus. Sanofi has reportedly ceased its manufacturing due to low global demand.
• Qdenga (TAK-003, Takeda): This is a newer tetravalent live-attenuated vaccine that has shown promise and is approved in several countries and by the WHO. It is significant because it can be used regardless of prior dengue exposure (serostatus), which simplifies its deployment. There are reports that Takeda is collaborating with Biological E. Limited in Hyderabad to potentially produce Qdenga in India and offer it in 2026.
• Other candidates: Several other dengue vaccine candidates are in various stages of development globally and in India, including those from the Serum Institute of India.

The successful completion and approval of DengiAll would be a monumental achievement for India, providing a crucial tool in its ongoing fight against dengue and enhancing its global standing in vaccine development.