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August 1 UPSC Current Affairs – PM IAS

August 1, 2025No Comments

1. Syllabus: GS2/Governance

In NewsThe Lok Sabha has given its approval to the statutory resolution regarding the extension of President’s Rule in Manipur for a further period of six months with effect from August 13, 2025. The Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, asserted that the law and order situation in Manipur has significantly improved, citing only one incident of violence with one death reported in the last eight months, and no killings in the last four months since central rule was imposed on February 13, 2025.

BackgroundManipur was placed under President’s Rule in February 2025 after the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh, nearly two years after the devastating ethnic conflict erupted in the state. The conflict, which began on May 3, 2023, is primarily between the valley-based Meitei community and the hills-based Scheduled Tribe Kuki-Zo group of communities. The immediate trigger for the violence was the Meitei community’s demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, which was vehemently opposed by the Kuki-Zo communities who feared potential loss of land, job opportunities, and other affirmative action benefits meant for existing STs. The conflict led to immense loss of life, displacement, and destruction of property. As of November 22, 2024, government figures indicated 258 people killed and 60,000 displaced, with 4,786 houses burnt and 386 religious structures vandalized. The extension of President’s Rule signals the Centre’s continued direct oversight in managing the volatile situation. Opposition MPs, however, questioned the rationale for the extension, arguing that it was imposed to “save the ruling party from embarrassment” and demanded fresh elections to restore a democratically elected government.

Do you know?– Emergency provisions are enshrined in Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution (Articles 352 to 360). – These provisions are designed to enable the Central government to effectively manage extraordinary situations that pose a threat to the nation’s sovereignty, unity, integrity, or security. – The inspiration for these provisions is often attributed to the Weimar Constitution of Germany. – There are three main types of emergencies: 1. National Emergency (Article 352) 2. State Emergency (Article 356), commonly known as President’s Rule 3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)

President’s Rule President’s Rule refers to the imposition of a state of emergency in a State, often referred to as a ‘State Emergency’ or ‘Constitutional Emergency’. While commonly called ‘President’s Rule’, this specific term is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution itself. It is declared under Article 356 of the Constitution.Article 355 places a duty on the Union government to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Article 356(1) empowers the President to issue a Proclamation if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This satisfaction can be based on the report of the Governor of the State or “otherwise” (i.e., even without the Governor’s report, if the President is satisfied).Upon the imposition of President’s Rule, the executive powers of the State are assumed by the Centre (exercised by the President through the Governor), and the legislative powers of the State are shifted to Parliament. However, the powers of the High Court in the State remain unaffected.Article 365 states that if any State fails to comply with, or to give effect to, any directions given by the Union in the exercise of its executive power, it shall be lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, thereby enabling the imposition of a Constitutional Emergency.

ConditionsA Proclamation imposing President’s Rule must be laid before both Houses of Parliament and must be approved by resolutions of both Houses within two months from the date of its issue. If approved by both Houses, the President’s Rule continues for six months. It can be extended for a maximum period of three years with the approval of Parliament every six months. However, it can be extended beyond one year only if two conditions are met:

  1. A National Emergency (Article 352) is in force in the whole of India, or in the whole or any part of the State.
  2. The Election Commission of India certifies that it is difficult to hold general elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned. The Proclamation of President’s Rule can be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent Proclamation, and such a Proclamation does not require parliamentary approval.

How is a ‘constitutional emergency’ different from a ‘national emergency’? – A Constitutional emergency (Article 356) and a National emergency (Article 352) differ significantly in purpose, scope, and procedural requirements:

  • Purpose:
    • National Emergency: Declared when the security of India or any part of its territory is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
    • Constitutional Emergency (President’s Rule): Imposed when the constitutional machinery of a specific state fails, meaning the state government cannot function according to constitutional provisions.
  • Scope:
    • National Emergency: Affects the entire nation or a substantial part of it. The Centre gains concurrent legislative powers over State subjects, and the fundamental rights of citizens can be suspended (with exceptions).
    • Constitutional Emergency: Confined to a single state. The executive power of the state is assumed by the Centre, and legislative power is transferred to Parliament, but it does not generally affect fundamental rights of citizens within that state.
  • Parliamentary Approval & Duration:
    • National Emergency: Requires approval by a special majority of both Houses of Parliament within one month. Once approved, it can continue for an indefinite period (subject to six-monthly parliamentary approval) with no maximum time limit. State governments continue to function, though under central control.
    • Constitutional Emergency: Requires approval by a simple majority of both Houses of Parliament within two months. It can initially last for six months and can be extended up to a maximum of three years (with six-monthly parliamentary approvals), subject to specific conditions beyond one year. The state government is either suspended or dissolved.
  • Fundamental Rights:
    • National Emergency: Under Article 358, Article 19 (freedoms) is automatically suspended. Under Article 359, the President can suspend the right to move any court for the enforcement of other fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21) for the duration of the emergency.
    • Constitutional Emergency: Unlike a national emergency, President’s Rule does not suspend citizens’ fundamental rights.
  • Judicial Review:
    • The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced safeguards for National Emergency, making the President’s satisfaction subject to judicial review.
    • The S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) judgment explicitly brought President’s Rule under Article 356 within the ambit of judicial review.

Impacts Under President’s Rule:

  • The President can assume all or any of the functions of the State Government, and all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by the Governor or any body or authority in the State other than the High Court.
  • The President may declare that the powers of the State Legislature shall be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament.
  • The President may make incidental and consequential provisions necessary or desirable for giving effect to the Proclamation.
  • The State administration is carried out by the Governor on behalf of the President, often aided by the Chief Secretary or appointed advisors.
  • Article 357 provides that when the powers of the State Legislature are declared to be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament, Parliament may confer legislative power on the President, or authorize the President to delegate such power. It also enables the President to authorize, when the Lok Sabha is not in session, expenditure from the State’s Consolidated Fund, pending parliamentary approval.

Instances of Use Despite Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s hope that Article 356 would remain a “dead letter,” President’s Rule has been invoked frequently. It has been imposed nearly 134 times across 29 States and Union Territories since 1950.

  • The first application of President’s Rule was in Punjab in 1951.
  • It has often been seen as a politically sensitive measure, with allegations of its misuse by the Union government to dismiss state governments run by opposition parties.
  • Manipur and Uttar Pradesh hold the record for the highest number of impositions, at 10 each (Manipur’s latest extension making it 11 times).
  • Jammu & Kashmir holds the record for the longest cumulative period under President’s Rule (over 12 years), followed by Punjab (over 10 years) and Puducherry (over 7 years).

Judicial InterpretationThe Supreme Court’s landmark judgment in S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) significantly redefined the scope and use of President’s Rule under Article 356. The Court emphasized that it should be a “last resort option” and ruled that:

  • While India’s federal system has a centralizing tendency, States are not mere extensions of the Union; they are an independent constitutional entity.
  • The power under Article 356 is conditional, not absolute, and its exercise is subject to judicial review. The Court can examine the material on which the President’s satisfaction is based.
  • The burden is on the Union government to prove that the constitutional machinery in a state has indeed broken down.
  • The President’s power to dissolve the legislative assembly is not absolute and should be exercised only after parliamentary approval of the Proclamation. If Parliament disapproves, the dismissed government can be reinstated.
  • In cases where President’s Rule is imposed unconstitutionally, the Supreme Court has the power to restore the dismissed state government.
  • The Court clarified that the imposition of President’s Rule should be strictly limited to instances of actual ‘constitutional breakdown’ and not for political expediency or to settle political scores.Source: The Hindu, Indian Express

2. Syllabus: GS2/International Relations; GS3/Economy

In News

In a significant development impacting bilateral trade, US President Donald Trump announced that India would face tariffs of up to 25% on its imports to the United States, effective August 1, 2025. This decision is accompanied by additional penalties, specifically citing India’s continued energy and defense ties with Russia amidst the ongoing geopolitical tensions.

Background This move by the US administration comes after prolonged and often contentious trade negotiations between India and the United States. President Trump had previously hinted at imposing tariffs between 20-25% on Indian goods, expressing dissatisfaction with what he termed India’s “far too high” tariffs and “strenuous and obnoxious non-monetary Trade Barriers” on American products. The current tariff imposition also explicitly links to India’s strategic autonomy in its foreign policy, particularly its continued procurement of oil and advanced defense systems from Russia, a country under extensive Western sanctions due to the Ukraine conflict. This highlights the increasing intersection of geopolitical alignments and economic policy in international relations.

Key Points

  • US Grievances: The primary reasons cited by the US for these tariffs include:
    • Perceived high tariffs imposed by India on American goods (e.g., Harley-Davidson motorcycles, agricultural products).
    • Non-tariff barriers and market access restrictions for US companies.
    • India’s continued energy imports from Russia, which the US views as undermining sanctions.
    • India’s defense procurement from Russia, despite US efforts to promote American defense equipment.
  • India’s Stance: The Indian Ministry of Commerce & Industry stated that India would assess the full impact of these tariffs and reiterated its commitment to pursuing a fair and equitable trade agreement with the US. India has consistently defended its sovereign right to maintain its foreign policy relationships, including those with Russia, based on its national interests. It has also maintained a protective stance on key sectors like agriculture and dairy in trade negotiations.
  • Economic Implications for India:
    • Impact on Exports: Indian export-oriented sectors such as gems and jewelry, seafood, auto components, textiles, and pharmaceuticals are particularly vulnerable to these tariffs. A 25% tariff makes Indian goods significantly less competitive in the US market.
    • Growth and Employment: The increased tariffs could lead to a reduced growth rate in these export sectors and impact job creation, as exports become more expensive and potentially lose market share.
    • Rupee Value: The Indian Rupee may experience volatility and potential depreciation against the US Dollar due to reduced export earnings and investor uncertainty.
    • Diversification: This situation underscores the need for India to further diversify its export markets and reduce over-reliance on any single trading partner.
    • Comparison with Competitors: India faces increased competition from countries like South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam, which have secured more favorable trade terms with the US or do not face similar tariff impositions.
  • Diplomatic Challenge: The imposition of tariffs adds a new layer of complexity to India-US relations. India must navigate the challenge of balancing its strategic autonomy, vital for its geopolitical standing, with the need to engage constructively with a crucial trade and strategic partner like the US. It tests the resilience of the Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership between the two nations.

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express

3. Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance

In NewsThe Supreme Court has allowed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to publish Bihar’s draft voter list on August 1, 2025, following a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) process. However, the apex court issued a stern warning, stating that it would “immediately step in” if there was evidence of “mass exclusion” of eligible voters from the electoral rolls. This directive comes amidst strong allegations from various petitioners and opposition leaders that the SIR process in Bihar was potentially disenfranchising lakhs of citizens.

Background

The Election Commission of India had initiated a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar, with July 1, 2025, as the qualifying date. This revision process typically involves house-to-house surveys by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) and updation of voter data. However, concerns were raised by several individuals and political parties, including the Opposition INDIA bloc, alleging that the SIR process was being carried out with overly stringent documentary requirements, leading to the exclusion of millions of existing voters. Specific allegations included marking a large number of voters as “dead” or “migrated” without proper verification, and a perceived reluctance to accept standard identification proofs like Aadhaar and Voter IDs as sufficient “citizenship proof.” The timing of this revision, just months before the State Assembly elections in Bihar, intensified political scrutiny.

Key Points

  • Supreme Court’s Directives: The SC, while allowing the publication of the draft list, underscored the ECI’s constitutional mandate to ensure “mass inclusion” and prevent the arbitrary exclusion of eligible voters. The Court explicitly stated that the January 2025 voter list should form the foundational base for the current revision. It directed the ECI to ensure a robust process for filing claims and objections, allowing a minimum of 30 days for citizens to apply for corrections, inclusions, or challenge exclusions. The Court also asked the ECI to produce detailed data regarding the number of deletions and the specific reasons cited for each deletion.
  • Allegations of Disenfranchisement: Petitioners and opposition leaders alleged that the SIR process was effectively acting as an indirect “citizenship test,” disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups such as migrant laborers, women (especially those who have moved after marriage and may lack updated address proofs), and marginalized communities who might not possess extensive documentation. They argued that strict requirements for “proper citizenship proof” beyond standard IDs were uncalled for and violated the right to vote.
  • Election Commission’s Defence: The ECI defended its process, stating that the SIR is a standard procedure undertaken to maintain the accuracy and integrity of electoral rolls. It emphasized that draft rolls are always published, followed by a window for objections and corrections, and deletions are only finalized after a thorough due process, including opportunities for individuals to be heard. The ECI also highlighted that political parties are involved and provided with lists of voters for their scrutiny.
  • UPSC Relevance (for Mains):
    • Right to Vote: Discuss its constitutional basis (Article 326) and how it is a fundamental pillar of democracy.
    • Role of Election Commission of India (ECI): Analyze its powers (Article 324) and responsibilities in preparing and maintaining electoral rolls, ensuring free and fair elections. Discuss the balance between ensuring integrity of rolls and preventing disenfranchisement.
    • Electoral Reforms: Examine the ongoing need for electoral reforms to make the process more inclusive, transparent, and less susceptible to manipulation.
    • Judicial Activism/Review: Analyze the Supreme Court’s role in safeguarding fundamental rights and ensuring constitutional adherence by statutory bodies like the ECI.
    • Citizenship and Documentation: Discuss the challenges faced by vulnerable populations in proving identity and citizenship for electoral purposes.

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express

4. Syllabus: GS1/History & Culture; GS2/Polity

In NewsPrime Minister Narendra Modi recently underscored the deep-rooted nature of democratic traditions in India, specifically highlighting the significance of the Uthiramerur Inscriptions from the Chola dynasty as evidence of ancient indigenous democratic practices.

Background The Prime Minister’s remarks come in the context of a broader narrative promoting India’s historical contributions to democratic thought and governance, countering the perception that democracy is solely a Western import. The Chola dynasty, one of the longest-ruling dynasties in South Indian history (c. 300 BCE to 1279 CE), is renowned for its highly organized administrative system, particularly at the local level. The Uthiramerur Inscriptions provide unique and detailed insights into these local self-governing mechanisms.

Key Points

  • Uthiramerur Inscriptions: Located on the walls of the Vaikunda Perumal Temple in Uthiramerur, Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, these inscriptions date back to the reign of Chola king Parantaka I (around 920 CE). They meticulously describe the functioning of the ‘Sabha’, a village assembly composed exclusively of adult male Brahmins who owned land.
  • Features of the Chola-Era Electoral System (as per Inscriptions):
    • Ward System: The village was divided into 30 wards, with each ward electing one representative to the village assembly.
    • Eligibility Criteria: Detailed qualifications were stipulated for candidates, including:
      • Ownership of a plot of land and a house.
      • Age between 35 and 70 years.
      • Knowledge of Vedic texts and sacred mantras.
      • Being “skilled in business” and possessing “moral behaviour.”
      • (An exception was made for land ownership if the person had learned at least one Veda and four Bhashyas).
    • Disqualification Norms: Strict criteria for disqualification included:
      • Failure to submit accounts from prior service on any committee.
      • Having committed any of the first four of the five “great sins” (killing a Brahman, drinking alcohol, theft, and adultery).
      • Association with outcasts or consuming “forbidden” dishes.
      • Those who stole others’ property or committed forgery were also disqualified.
    • Selection Process: Members were chosen through an elaborate drawing of lots, where names written on palm leaf tickets were put into a pot, and a representative was selected by a young boy. This system, known as ‘Kudavolai’, aimed to ensure fairness and prevent manipulation.
    • Committee System (Variyams): The Sabha operated through various specialized committees (Variyams) responsible for specific functions:
      • Garden Committee (Thottavariyam): Managed village gardens.
      • Tank Committee (Erivariyam): Oversaw water resources and irrigation tanks.
      • Annual Committee (Samvatsaravariyam): Required prior experience and knowledge.
      • Justice Committee (Nyaya Variyam): Administered justice.
      • Gold Committee (Pon Variyam): Managed the village temple’s gold.
      • Gramakariya Variyam: Supervised the overall work of all committees.
    • Accountability and Recall: Committee members served for 360 days and were then expected to retire. Any member found implicated in wrongdoing or discrepancies in accounts was immediately removed from their position, illustrating a form of accountability.
  • Significance for Modern India:
    • Indigenous Democracy: The inscriptions provide concrete evidence that codified democratic frameworks, emphasizing local self-governance, transparency, and accountability, existed in ancient India. This provides a historical counter-narrative to the idea that democracy is solely a Western concept.
    • Continuity of Principles: Principles like ethical leadership, citizen participation, and codified rules of governance found in these ancient systems resonate with modern democratic ideals.
    • Local Self-Governance: The Uthiramerur model offers a historical precedent for the importance of local self-governance, a concept central to the modern Panchayati Raj system in India.

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express

5. Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology

In NewsThe NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite was successfully launched on July 30, 2025, aboard India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-F16) rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. This milestone marks the culmination of a decade-long bilateral effort between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), ushering in a new era of global Earth observation cooperation.

BackgroundNISAR is a flagship collaboration between the two space agencies, conceived to address critical gaps in Earth observation data, particularly concerning dynamic surface changes, ecosystems, and ice masses. The joint mission aims to provide unprecedented insights into the planet’s changing environment, with implications for disaster management, climate change studies, and resource monitoring. The development phase involved intricate technological exchanges and coordination between scientific and engineering teams from both countries.

Key Points

  • Dual-Frequency Radar System: NISAR is a 2.8-tonne observatory equipped with a unique dual-frequency radar system:
    • L-band radar: Provided by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), it operates at a wavelength of approximately 24 cm. This band is crucial for penetrating dense vegetation and monitoring changes in biomass, solid Earth processes, and ice sheet dynamics.
    • S-band radar: Developed by ISRO, it operates at a wavelength of approximately 9 cm. It is optimized for studying surface deformation, monitoring soil moisture, and detecting changes in the Earth’s surface, particularly in agricultural areas and for disaster assessment.
    • This combination allows NISAR to detect minute surface deformations (as small as a few centimeters) and provide high-resolution, all-weather, day-and-night imaging of Earth.
  • Orbital Characteristics and Coverage:
    • NISAR operates in a sun-synchronous orbit (LEO) at an altitude of 747 km.
    • It has a repeat cycle of 12 days, meaning its radars will revisit the same point on Earth’s surface under nearly identical lighting conditions, providing crucial time-series data for tracking changes.
    • It boasts a wide swath width of 242 kilometers, enabling broad coverage.
  • Applications and Scientific Agenda: NISAR’s data will be invaluable for a wide range of scientific and societal applications:
    • Disaster Management: Real-time monitoring and mapping of natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and floods, aiding in early warning and response.
    • Climate Change Research: Tracking crucial climate indicators like ice-sheet collapse, glacier retreat, changes in permafrost, and alterations in forest ecosystems (e.g., deforestation, biomass estimation). Its data can refine IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) models.
    • Agriculture and Forestry: Monitoring crop growth, soil moisture content, land use changes, and forest health.
    • Geodesy and Tectonics: Measuring land deformation due to tectonic activity, volcanic unrest, and urban subsidence.
    • Water Resources: Assessing changes in water bodies and groundwater levels.
    • The data is expected to support international frameworks like the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • International Collaboration and Data Sharing:
    • The mission highlights the deep scientific and technological collaboration between the US and India.
    • Both NASA and ISRO have committed to providing open-access satellite data, benefiting a global community of scientists, researchers, and national agencies. This promotes transparency and collaborative research efforts.
  • Significance for India:
    • For ISRO, flying a flagship payload on the GSLV Mk II rocket is a notable achievement, further validating the reliability of a vehicle once dubbed “naughty boy” due to early setbacks.
    • The partnership has facilitated technology transfer and advanced India’s capabilities in radar electronics and data processing.
    • It confirms India’s growing stature as a reliable partner in high-value international space missions.

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express

6. Syllabus: GS2/Governance & Social Justice

In NewsThe Supreme Court has reserved its judgment on a set of petitions challenging the age-related eligibility criteria for intending parents under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021. The court’s observations suggest a critical view of the restrictions, indicating that laws should not “frustrate the wish of childless couples, widows and divorcees to become parents through surrogacy.”

Background The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, along with the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021, came into force in January 2022. These laws were enacted with the stated objective of regulating surrogacy in India, primarily to prohibit commercial surrogacy and promote altruistic surrogacy (where the surrogate mother receives no monetary compensation beyond medical expenses and insurance). However, various provisions of these acts, particularly those related to eligibility, have faced legal challenges for being overly restrictive and potentially infringing upon fundamental rights.

Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (under challenge):

  • Type of Surrogacy: Only altruistic surrogacy is permitted, strictly banning commercial surrogacy.
  • Eligibility for Intending Couples:
    • Must be legally married for at least five years.
    • The intending mother must be between 23 and 50 years of age.
    • The intending father must be between 26 and 55 years of age.
    • They must not have any living biological, adopted, or surrogate child, with exceptions for children with mental or physical disabilities or those suffering from a life-threatening disorder.
  • Eligibility for Single Women: Only widows or divorcees between 35 and 45 years of age are eligible to opt for surrogacy. Unmarried women are not eligible.
  • Surrogate Mother Criteria: Must be a close relative of the intending couple, married, and have at least one biological child of her own. Her age must be between 25 and 35 years. She can act as a surrogate only once in her lifetime.
  • Certification Requirement: A “Certificate of Essentiality” from a District Medical Board is required, including proof of infertility of the intending couple.

Issues Highlighted by the Supreme Court/Petitioners:

  • Retroactive Application and Lack of Transitional Provision: Many petitioners had initiated their fertility treatment (e.g., embryo freezing) before the law came into effect but are now disqualified due to the new age limits. The court questioned the fairness of this retroactive application and the absence of a “grandfather clause” to protect such cases.
  • Rigid Age Limits: The court critically questioned the rationale behind fixed age limits for intending parents, especially when natural pregnancies at older ages are not prohibited. It pondered why a couple in their 50s or 60s can adopt a child but are barred from having a child through altruistic surrogacy due to age.
  • Violation of Fundamental Rights: Petitioners argue that these age restrictions and other limitations violate:
    • Article 14 (Right to Equality): By creating arbitrary distinctions between different categories of individuals seeking surrogacy.
    • Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty): This broadly includes the right to reproductive autonomy and the right to make choices about one’s family and parenthood. The court specifically stated that the void in the life of a widow or divorcee could be addressed by surrogacy, implying a broader interpretation of reproductive rights.
  • Exclusion of Unmarried Women: The law’s complete bar on unmarried women (who are not widows or divorcees) from pursuing surrogacy has been challenged as discriminatory and lacking a rational basis.
  • Law’s Intent vs. Impact: While the law aims to prevent commercial exploitation and ensure ethical practices, the court stressed that it should not become an unreasonable barrier for genuine intending parents to have children.

UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

  • Bioethics and Law: Discuss the ethical dilemmas surrounding assisted reproductive technologies and how laws attempt to regulate them.
  • Fundamental Rights: Analyze the scope of Article 14 and Article 21 concerning reproductive autonomy, the right to form a family, and gender equality.
  • Judicial Review: Examine the role of the Supreme Court in reviewing legislation and safeguarding fundamental rights.
  • Social Justice: Discuss the implications of such laws on diverse family structures, individuals facing infertility, and the rights of single parents.
  • Women’s Rights: Analyze the impact of surrogacy laws on women’s autonomy and their choices related to motherhood.

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express

7. Syllabus: GS2/Polity; GS1/History

In News Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi recently sparked a debate by criticizing the “linguistic division of states” after India’s Independence, asserting that it has inadvertently led to the creation of “second-class citizens” within these linguistically demarcated states.

BackgroundThe reorganization of states in India along linguistic lines was a contentious issue during the post-independence period. Initially, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru were hesitant, fearing that linguistic states might foster fissiparous tendencies and undermine national unity. However, strong popular movements, most notably the agitation led by Potti Sreeramulu for an Andhra state, eventually led to the government’s acceptance of the principle. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 was the landmark legislation that largely formalized the linguistic basis for state boundaries.

Key Points

  • Governor Ravi’s Criticism: Governor Ravi argued that while India was inherently united before Independence despite its diversity, the creation of linguistic states fostered a sense of “linguistic nationalism” and created divisions. He cited his own state, Tamil Nadu, where he claimed that people speaking different languages (Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi) now live but might feel like “second-class citizens” compared to the dominant linguistic group. He further implied that “something went wrong after Independence” which led to internal conflicts and the creation of ethnicity-based states that have not always resolved internal security issues (e.g., Nagaland, Mizoram).
  • Historical Context of States Reorganisation Act, 1956:
    • Demand for Linguistic States: Post-independence, there was a widespread demand for states based on linguistic homogeneity, driven by cultural identity and administrative convenience (governing in local languages).
    • Dar Commission (1948) & JVP Committee (1948): Initially advised against linguistic reorganization, favoring administrative convenience.
    • Fazl Ali Commission (1953): Appointed after widespread agitation (e.g., Andhra movement), it broadly accepted language as the basis for reorganization but emphasized national unity, financial viability, and administrative efficiency. Its recommendations led to the States Reorganisation Act.
    • Outcome: The Act led to the creation of 14 states and 6 union territories, largely along linguistic lines, abolishing the old Part A, B, C, D classification.
  • Counter-Arguments and Impact of Linguistic Reorganization:
    • National Integration: Many historians and political scientists argue that linguistic reorganization, despite initial fears, actually strengthened national integration. By accommodating strong linguistic identities within federal units, it “tamed and domesticated secessionist tendencies” that might otherwise have spiraled into more serious separatist movements. Examples of countries that faced severe internal conflict by suppressing linguistic identities (e.g., Pakistan’s breakup leading to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict) are often cited as a contrast.
    • Administrative Efficiency: Governing in local languages improved administration, enhanced public participation, and made governance more accessible to the common people.
    • Cultural Preservation: It helped in the development and preservation of regional languages and cultures.
    • Challenges: While beneficial, linguistic reorganization also led to:
      • Boundary disputes between states (e.g., Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute).
      • Minority issues within linguistic states, where non-dominant linguistic groups faced challenges.
      • Demands for further sub-states based on ethnic or regional identities (e.g., Gorkhaland, Bodoland).

UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

  • Federalism in India: Discuss the evolution of Indian federalism and the role of linguistic reorganization in shaping its nature.
  • National Integration: Analyze how India has managed unity in diversity, particularly through the accommodation of linguistic identities.
  • Post-Independence Consolidation: Examine the challenges faced by the Indian state in consolidating its territory and identity after independence.
  • Centre-State Relations: Discuss the powers of the Governor and their role in state politics, particularly in expressing views that may differ from the state government’s or prevailing historical consensus.

Source: Indian Express

8. Syllabus: GS3/Economy; GS2/Governance

In NewsA recent report released by the Press Information Bureau (PIB) indicates a significant upturn in India’s rural economic conditions, with 76.6% of rural households reporting increased consumption and 39.6% experiencing higher incomes. This positive trend is indicative of increasingly upbeat sentiments among the rural population.

BackgroundThe rural economy forms the backbone of India, supporting a significant portion of its population and contributing substantially to the national GDP, particularly through agriculture and allied activities. Understanding the economic pulse of rural India is crucial for policy formulation related to inclusive growth, poverty alleviation, and sustainable development. This report provides a snapshot of the ground realities, complementing macroeconomic data.

Key Points

  • Improved Economic Indicators:
    • Rising Consumption: The high percentage of households reporting increased consumption suggests improved purchasing power and a general increase in demand for goods and services in rural areas.
    • Higher Incomes: Nearly 40% of rural households experiencing income growth points to stronger rural livelihoods, potentially from better agricultural prices, increased non-farm employment, or successful implementation of government schemes.
  • Drivers of Rural Development:
    • Infrastructure Enhancement: The report attributes much of this improvement to robust investments in rural infrastructure, including:
      • Roads: Through schemes like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), enhancing connectivity and market access.
      • Water & Electricity: Improved access to essential utilities.
      • Social Infrastructure: Better education and healthcare facilities.
    • Fiscal Transfers & Schemes: Direct and indirect fiscal transfers from the government play a vital role. These include:
      • Food Security: Subsidized food grains through PDS.
      • Energy Subsidies: LPG (e.g., Ujjwala Yojana) and electricity.
      • Social Security: Pensions for vulnerable groups.
      • Employment Generation: Schemes like MGNREGA providing guaranteed wage employment.
  • Enhanced Financial Health:
    • Increased Savings: Rural households are showing a greater propensity to save, indicating improved financial stability beyond immediate consumption needs.
    • Formal Credit Penetration: A rise in access to formal credit channels (banks, microfinance institutions) means a reduced reliance on informal moneylenders, leading to a decline in exorbitant informal interest rates. This empowers farmers and small businesses.
  • Optimistic Outlook: A remarkable 74.7% of rural households express optimism about their future incomes, anticipating further increases. This confidence is attributed to:
    • Favorable Monsoon: A good monsoon season typically translates to robust agricultural output.
    • Consistent Policy Support: Continued government focus on agriculture, rural development, and social welfare schemes.
    • Local Development Initiatives: Grassroots-level development projects contributing to local economies.
  • Inflation Perception: The report also noted a drop in the rural Consumer Price Index (CPI) and a perception among households that inflation is stable, which contributes positively to real incomes and purchasing power.

UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

  • Indian Economy: Analyze the state of the rural economy, its contribution to national GDP, and its role in inclusive growth.
  • Government Schemes: Discuss the impact and effectiveness of various government initiatives aimed at rural development (e.g., PM-Kisan, MGNREGA, PMGSY, Jal Jeevan Mission).
  • Poverty Alleviation: Examine how rising rural incomes and consumption contribute to poverty reduction and improved living standards.
  • Agricultural Policy: Discuss the importance of favorable agricultural prices, farm income support, and diversification of rural livelihoods.
  • Financial Inclusion: Evaluate the progress and challenges in extending formal financial services to rural areas.

Source: Press Information Bureau (PIB)

9. Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy, Infrastructure

In NewsThe Press Information Bureau (PIB) reported significant progress in infrastructure development and economic growth in the North Eastern Region (NER) of India. This update follows the recent ‘Rising North East Investors Summit 2025’, which successfully garnered substantial investment interest from both domestic and international players, totaling ₹4.3 lakh crore.

BackgroundThe North Eastern Region, comprising eight states, has historically faced developmental challenges due to its unique geographical location, difficult terrain, and connectivity issues. Recognizing its strategic importance, both economically and geopolitically (as a gateway to Southeast Asia), the Government of India has launched multiple initiatives to accelerate its development under the broad framework of the “Act East Policy.”

Key Points

  • Investment Mobilization: The ‘Rising North East Investors Summit 2025’, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, served as a crucial platform to showcase the NER’s potential. It led to significant investment commitments, including:
    • Reliance Industries: Pledging ₹75,000 crore over the next five years.
    • Adani Group: Committing ₹50,000 crore over the next decade.
    • Other major domestic and international investors contributing to the ₹4.3 lakh crore total.
    • These investments are expected across various sectors, including energy, logistics, tourism, and manufacturing.
  • Robust Infrastructure Growth:
    • Road Connectivity: Substantial improvements have been made in the development of National Highways and the network of roads and bridges under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), enhancing intra-regional and inter-regional connectivity.
    • Air Connectivity: The UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) Scheme has been instrumental, with 90 routes operationalized, connecting 12 airports/heliports in the region, significantly boosting accessibility and tourism.
    • Digital Connectivity: Initiatives like BharatNet are connecting Gram Panchayats with high-speed internet, and there has been a significant increase in mobile tower installations, bridging the digital divide.
  • PM-DevINE Scheme: The Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region (PM-DevINE) is a crucial Central Sector Scheme with an outlay of ₹6,600 crore for the period FY 2022-23 to FY 2025-26 (recently extended to 2028-29 as per other reports). Its objectives include:
    • Funding infrastructure projects in the spirit of PM GatiShakti.
    • Supporting social development projects based on felt needs.
    • Enabling livelihood activities for youth and women.
    • Filling development gaps in various sectors.
  • Hydro Electric Projects: A scheme with an outlay of ₹4,136 crore (FY 2024-25 to FY 2031-32) has been approved for Central Financial Assistance towards Equity Participation by State Governments of NER for the development of Hydro Electric Projects, aiming to support a cumulative hydro capacity of about 15,000 MW.
  • Strategic Importance and “Act East Policy”: The comprehensive development of the NER, especially improved connectivity (roads, railways, air, waterways), is critical for India’s “Act East Policy.” It facilitates stronger trade linkages, cultural exchange, and people-to-people connections with Southeast Asian nations, positioning the region as India’s gateway to the ASEAN bloc.

UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

  • Regional Development: Discuss the challenges and strategies for inclusive development of geographically disadvantaged regions like the NER.
  • Government Policies and Initiatives: Analyze the effectiveness of schemes like PM-DevINE, UDAN, and PMGSY in transforming the NER.
  • Infrastructure Development: Examine the role of multi-modal connectivity (roads, air, rail, waterways) in fostering economic growth and regional integration.
  • International Relations/Foreign Policy: Discuss the strategic significance of the NER in the context of India’s “Act East Policy” and its engagement with Southeast Asia.
  • Public-Private Partnership: Analyze the role of private investment in supplementing government efforts for regional development.

Source: Press Information Bureau (PIB)

10. Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy

In NewsThe Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister, has approved a new Central Sector Scheme titled “Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)” with an outlay of ₹2,000 crore for a period of four years, from FY 2025-26 to FY 2028-29.

BackgroundThe cooperative sector plays a pivotal role in India’s rural economy, particularly in agriculture, dairy, fisheries, and handicrafts. Cooperatives, as autonomous associations of people united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise, are critical for inclusive growth and grassroots development. The NCDC, established in 1963, is a statutory corporation under the Ministry of Cooperation, responsible for planning, promoting, and financing cooperative programs for the production, processing, marketing, storage, export, and import of agricultural produce and other notified commodities.

Key Points

  • Scheme Outlay and Leverage: The scheme provides ₹2,000 crore as grant-in-aid from the Union Budget (₹500 crore each year). Crucially, this grant will enable NCDC to raise an additional ₹20,000 crore from the open market over the four-year period. This leveraging mechanism is designed to significantly boost the financial resources available to the cooperative sector.
  • Purpose of Funds: The mobilized funds will be utilized by NCDC primarily for:
    • Granting loans to cooperatives across various sectors.
    • Financing the setting up of new cooperative projects.
    • Supporting the expansion, modernization, and technological upgradation of existing cooperative plants and facilities.
    • Meeting the working capital requirements of cooperatives to ensure their smooth and efficient operation.
  • Beneficiaries and Reach: The scheme is poised to benefit approximately 2.9 crore members associated with 13,288 cooperative societies across the country. India boasts a vast cooperative network with over 8.25 lakh cooperatives and more than 29 crore members, with 94% of farmers linked to cooperatives in some form.
  • Targeted Sectors for Support: The scheme will specifically focus on providing financial assistance to vital but often weaker or underserved cooperative sectors, including:
    • Dairy, Poultry & Livestock: Essential for rural livelihoods and food security.
    • Fisheries: Supporting the blue economy.
    • Sugar & Textiles: Traditional agro-based industries.
    • Food Processing, Storage & Cold Storage: Critical for value addition and reducing post-harvest losses.
    • Labor Cooperatives & Women-led Cooperatives: Promoting inclusive growth and empowering marginalized groups.
  • Expected Impact and Benefits:
    • Economic Benefits: Creation of income-generating capital assets, providing much-needed liquidity to cooperatives, enhancing their efficiency and profitability.
    • Employment Generation: Expected to create widespread employment opportunities, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
    • Socio-Economic Bridging: By adhering to principles of democracy, equality, and community concerns, cooperatives are viewed as a powerful tool to bridge socio-economic gaps and increase women’s participation in the workforce.
    • Execution Strategy: NCDC will be the executing agency, responsible for disbursement, follow-up, monitoring, and loan recovery. It will provide loans directly to cooperatives that meet specific criteria or through state governments, adhering to NCDC guidelines.

UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

  • Cooperative Movement in India: Discuss the historical evolution, significance, and challenges faced by the cooperative sector.
  • Rural Development and Agriculture: Analyze the role of cooperatives in agricultural finance, marketing, processing, and overall rural economic development.
  • Inclusive Growth: Examine how strengthening cooperatives contributes to inclusive growth and poverty alleviation.
  • Government Initiatives for Cooperatives: Evaluate the impact of government support and policy frameworks for the cooperative sector.
  • Institutional Finance: Discuss the role of NCDC and other financial institutions in supporting grassroots economic activities.

Source: Press Information Bureau (PIB)

11. Syllabus: GS2/International Relations

In News India and Morocco have formalized an agreement to enhance judicial cooperation, through the signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) within the framework of a broader Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). This initiative aims to strengthen bilateral relations by fostering legal and judicial collaboration.

Background Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) are agreements between countries that enable formal cooperation in legal or criminal matters. They are crucial tools in combating transnational crime, terrorism, and other legal challenges by facilitating the exchange of evidence, information, and judicial assistance. India has been actively pursuing such agreements with various countries to bolster its international legal framework. The signing of this MLAT with Morocco signifies a deepening of engagement between the two nations beyond traditional diplomatic and economic ties.

Key Points

  • Objective of MLAT and MoU: The overarching objective is to promote robust cooperation in judicial and legal affairs between India and Morocco, leading to legal modernization, institutional exchange, and adherence to the rule of law.
  • Scope of Legal Assistance (MLAT): The MLAT provides for the widest possible measure of mutual legal assistance in civil and commercial matters, including:
    • Service of Summons and Judicial Documents: Efficient delivery of legal notices and documents across borders.
    • Taking of Evidence: Facilitating the collection of evidence through Letters of Request or other formal channels from individuals or entities residing in the other country.
    • Execution of Judgments: Enabling the enforcement of judicial judgments, decrees, settlements, and arbitral awards rendered in one country within the jurisdiction of the other.
  • Broader Cooperation under MoU: Beyond the MLAT, the MoU encompasses a wider array of cooperation areas aimed at strengthening institutional linkages and promoting knowledge exchange:
    • Exchange of Expertise: Sharing experiences and best practices related to the functioning of respective ministries of justice and judicial systems.
    • Legislative Cooperation: Mutual exchange of legal publications, laws, judicial bulletins, and legislative materials to enhance understanding of each other’s legal frameworks.
    • Capacity Building: Joint organization of training programs, symposiums, conferences, workshops, and research collaborations for judges, lawyers, legal experts, and administrative staff.
    • Exchange Visits: Facilitating visits of legal and judicial delegations.
    • Technology Cooperation: Sharing practices in the development and utilization of national legal information systems and digital tools for justice delivery.
  • Implementation Mechanism: A joint coordination committee will be established to plan, monitor, and execute annual cooperation programs under the MoU.
  • Impact and Benefits:
    • Legal System Modernization: The collaboration will contribute to the modernization of legal systems in both countries through shared learning and best practices.
    • Cross-Border Enforcement: Improves the ability to enforce legal and commercial decisions across borders, enhancing legal clarity for businesses and individuals.
    • Mutual Understanding: Fosters a deeper mutual understanding of each other’s civil and criminal justice systems.
    • Strengthened Diplomatic Ties: The agreement strengthens bilateral diplomatic relations through deeper legal and institutional collaboration.

UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

  • International Relations: Analyze the role of bilateral agreements in strengthening diplomatic ties and addressing shared challenges.
  • Judicial Cooperation: Discuss the significance of MLATs in combating transnational crime, facilitating justice delivery, and enforcing legal obligations across national borders.
  • Global Governance: Examine how such agreements contribute to a more interconnected and effective international legal framework.
  • Law and Governance: Discuss the implications for legal reforms and the administration of justice in India.

Source: Press Information Information (PIB)

12. Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology; GS3/Economy (Infrastructure & Energy)

In NewsIndia achieved a significant milestone in its clean energy transition with the commissioning of its first indigenously-built 1 MW green hydrogen plant at Kandla Port (Deendayal Port Authority) in Gujarat. This development marks a crucial step in accelerating the nation’s ambitious National Green Hydrogen Mission.

Background Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy, is considered a critical fuel for future decarbonization efforts, especially in hard-to-abate sectors like heavy industry, transport, and energy storage. Recognizing its immense potential, India launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission in January 2023, with an outlay of ₹19,744 crore, aiming to position India as a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.

Key Points

  • Location and Capacity: The plant is strategically located at Deendayal Port Authority (Kandla Port) in Gujarat, a major industrial and logistics hub. It has a production capacity of 1 MW, making it India’s first megawatt-scale green hydrogen facility.
  • Indigenous Development: The emphasis on “indigenously-built” signifies India’s growing self-reliance and technological capabilities in advanced renewable energy systems. The plant was reportedly implemented by Larsen & Toubro.
  • Production Process: The plant produces green hydrogen through electrolysis, using electricity generated from renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind). This ensures a minimal carbon footprint in the production process.
  • Role in National Green Hydrogen Mission: This commissioning is a tangible step towards achieving the ambitious targets set by the National Green Hydrogen Mission, which aims for:
    • Development of a green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) per annum by 2030.
    • Associated renewable energy capacity addition of about 125 GW.
    • Over ₹8 lakh crore in total investments by 2030.
    • Creation of over 6 lakh jobs.
    • Cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports by over ₹1 lakh crore.
    • Abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Future Expansion: This 1 MW plant is envisioned as the first module of a larger planned 10 MW green hydrogen complex at Kandla Port, for which Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone on May 26, 2025. Once fully operational, the 10 MW complex is expected to produce approximately 140 metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually.
  • Impact and Significance:
    • Energy Security: Reduces India’s dependence on imported fossil fuels.
    • Decarbonization: Contributes significantly to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial and maritime sectors.
    • Economic Opportunities: Fosters the growth of a new green industry, leading to investment, job creation, and technological advancement.
    • Maritime Decarbonization: Integrating green hydrogen production at a major port like Kandla is crucial for decarbonizing the shipping sector, which is a significant emitter.

UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

  • Renewable Energy: Discuss the importance of green hydrogen as a clean energy carrier and its role in India’s energy transition.
  • National Green Hydrogen Mission: Analyze its objectives, targets, and potential impact on India’s economy and environment.
  • Energy Security: Examine how the development of green hydrogen contributes to India’s energy self-reliance.
  • Infrastructure Development: Discuss the role of port infrastructure in promoting new energy technologies and sustainable logistics.
  • Make in India & Self-Reliance: Highlight the significance of indigenous technology development in critical sectors.
  • Climate Change Mitigation: Evaluate the contribution of green hydrogen to achieving India’s climate goals and Net Zero targets.

Source: Press Information Bureau (PIB)

Last updated on August 4, 2025

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