Syllabus GS II Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.
Discuss the advantages and challenges of conducting simultaneous elections in India. How can this reform enhance the efficiency of the democratic process while maintaining the federal structure?
Introduction
The concept of “One Nation, One Election” aims to streamline India’s election process by conducting simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha (national parliament) and state assemblies. Currently, these elections are held at different times, leading to frequent election cycles that can disrupt governance and incur high costs.
Body:
Challenges and Legal Concerns: Implementing this idea would require amendments to key constitutional provisions, including:
- Article 83 (term of the Parliament)
- Article 85 (dissolution of Lok Sabha)
- Article 172 (duration of state legislatures)
- Article 174 (dissolution of state legislatures)
- Article 356 (imposition of President’s Rule)
Without these amendments, the proposal might violate the balance of power between the center and the states.
Comparison of the Present System vs. Simultaneous Polls:
Present System: India currently holds elections at three levels: local bodies, state assemblies, and national parliament. Each has its own election cycle, with state and national elections managed by the Election Commission of India (ECI) and state bodies handling local elections.
Pros of the Present System:
- Focus on Local Issues: Regional parties can focus on local concerns.
- Checks and Balances: Staggered elections keep governments accountable.
- Political Diversity: Regional parties have a platform distinct from national parties.
Cons of the Present System:
- Frequent Interruptions: Multiple elections can disrupt governance.
- High Costs: Separate elections incur substantial costs for governments and the ECI.
- Voter Fatigue: Continuous elections may reduce voter participation.
Arguments for and Against One Nation, One Election:
Pros:
- Cost Reduction: Fewer elections would lower costs.
- Administrative Efficiency: Reduced demand on security forces and government resources.
- More Focus on Governance: Governments can focus on policy-making instead of frequent campaigns.
- Increased Voter Turnout: Conducting simultaneous elections could encourage voter participation.
- Curb Corruption: Fewer elections might reduce the flow of black money.
Cons:
- Constitutional Amendments: Significant legal changes would be necessary.
- Overshadowing Regional Issues: National issues could dominate over local concerns.
- Challenges in Political Consensus: Gaining agreement from all political parties is difficult.
- Impact on Coalition Politics: Simultaneous elections may reduce political diversity and weaken coalition governments.
Ram Nath Kovind Committee Recommendations:
- Amend the Constitution for simultaneous elections in two steps, first for Lok Sabha and state assemblies, followed by local body elections.
- Single Electoral Roll and ID: Introduce a unified voter list for all levels of elections.
- Hung Houses: In case of a hung parliament, fresh elections would be held.
- Logistics: Coordination between the ECI and state commissions to ensure smooth elections.
Case Study: Indonesia
Since 2019, Indonesia has successfully conducted simultaneous elections for the President, Vice President, and legislative bodies at national and regional levels. The 2024 elections, involving nearly 200 million voters, were termed the world’s largest single-day elections.
Conclusion:
While “One Nation, One Election” could reduce costs, minimize disruptions, and streamline governance, its successful implementation requires substantial constitutional amendments and logistical planning. A political consensus across party lines would be crucial for making this system a reality.
