India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Negotiations: Progress and Sticking Points 🇪🇺🇮🇳
Syllabus: GS2/ International Relations (Bilateral Groupings & Agreements, Effect of Policies of Developed Countries on India); GS3/ Indian Economy (Trade, Investment)
In Context Negotiations for the comprehensive India-European Union Free Trade Agreement (FTA), officially known as the Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA), have shown renewed momentum in July 2025. While progress has been reported on several fronts, critical sticking points persist, especially concerning market access for goods, services, and contentious issues like cross-border data flow and dispute settlement mechanisms.
Key Developments and Areas of Progress:
- Market Access for Goods: Both sides are working on reducing tariffs on a wide range of products. India seeks greater access for its textiles, agricultural products, and automotive components, while the EU is keen on reducing tariffs on wines, spirits, and luxury goods.
- Services Sector: Significant progress has been reported in services, with both sides aiming to liberalize access. The EU seeks to eliminate “discriminatory and disproportionate obstacles” for its service providers. India, with its rapidly expanding IT and financial services sectors, stands to benefit from increased EU investment and greater market access. Services account for over 70% of the EU’s global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), making this a crucial area.
- Investment and Dispute Settlement: Considerable progress has been made on the investment text and the dispute settlement mechanism. This includes advancements in state-to-state mediation, signaling convergence on resolution processes. This is vital given the EU’s past concerns after India unilaterally terminated several Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in 2016. India is now negotiating new investment agreements under a fresh legal framework.
- Geographical Indications (GIs): Discussions continue on protecting Geographical Indications, with India advocating for its unique products like Basmati rice and Darjeeling tea, and the EU for its cheeses and wines.
Sticking Points and Challenges:
- Cross-Border Data Flow: This remains a highly contentious issue. In the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, free cross-border data flows are critical for the EU. However, India remains resistant to diluting its data localization norms, emphasizing the need to safeguard privacy, cyber sovereignty, and retain policy space for its nascent digital economy.
- Labour and Environmental Standards: The EU often pushes for high labour and environmental standards in its FTAs, which can be a point of contention for developing countries like India, raising concerns about trade barriers.
- Tariff Discrepancies: While progress is made, significant differences in tariff reduction expectations for sensitive products still exist.
- Non-Tariff Barriers: Beyond tariffs, issues like technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures can act as non-tariff barriers, requiring harmonization.
Significance for India:
- Economic Growth: An FTA with the EU, India’s third-largest trading partner, could significantly boost India’s exports, attract FDI, and create jobs.
- Diversification of Trade: It would help diversify India’s trade basket and reduce dependence on specific markets.
- Technology Transfer: Enhanced cooperation can facilitate the transfer of advanced technologies and best practices from the EU.
- Geopolitical Alignment: A successful FTA would strengthen India’s strategic partnership with the EU, which is critical in a multipolar world.
The continuation of talks indicates a shared commitment to reaching a deal, but overcoming the remaining hurdles will require flexibility and a balanced approach from both sides.
India’s Indigenous Aircraft Carrier Program: IAC-II on Track Amidst SSN Focus
Syllabus: GS3/ Internal Security (Defence Technology, Indigenous Development); GS2/ International Relations (Maritime Security, Indian Ocean Region)
In Context Despite recent speculation that the Ministry of Defence’s (MoD) prioritization of nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) might overshadow it, the Indian Navy remains steadfast in its pursuit of a second Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC-II). Officials confirm that the Navy is actively pushing to expedite the IAC-II project, emphasizing that both aircraft carriers and SSNs are complementary and essential for a robust blue-water navy.
Current Status and Future Plans:
- IAC-II’s Necessity: The IAC-II is envisioned as a 45,000-tonne conventionally powered flattop, crucial for the Navy’s long-term goal of operating a three-carrier fleet. This ensures that at least two carriers are operational at any given time while one undergoes maintenance. The aging INS Vikramaditya (a refurbished Russian carrier) is nearing the end of its service life by the mid-2030s, making IAC-II critical for operational continuity.
- Learning from INS Vikrant: The first indigenous aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, commissioned in September 2022, was a significant milestone. While its construction took 13 years due to funding delays and technical hurdles, the Navy aims to streamline IAC-II’s development. It proposes building the carrier at Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), leveraging the expertise and infrastructure gained during Vikrant’s construction.
- Expedited Timeline: With an estimated cost of ₹50,000 crore, the project could commence within two years of MoD approval, potentially delivering IAC-II by 2032, well ahead of the previously floated 2035-2040 timeline.
- Technological Enhancements: IAC-II is designed to mirror Vikrant’s configuration with minor enhancements. While retaining the Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery (STOBAR) system and ski-jump, the carrier’s deck and hangar could be optimized to support naval drones, extending its relevance beyond manned aircraft.
- SSN Program Priority: In January 2025, the MoD cleared the construction of two SSNs under a ₹40,000 crore program. These SSNs, to be built at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam with 90% indigenous content, are vital for stealth, endurance, and countering China’s growing submarine presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The Navy views SSNs and IACs as equally critical components of its Maritime Capability Perspective Plan (MCPP), which envisions a balanced fleet, including three carriers and 18 SSNs by 2047.
Significance for India’s Defence:
- Blue-Water Navy Capability: Aircraft carriers are essential for projecting power far from shore and asserting naval dominance, contributing to India’s ambition of being a true blue-water navy.
- Strategic Deterrence: A three-carrier fleet provides robust strategic deterrence and ensures continuous operational presence in India’s vast maritime zones and beyond.
- Indigenous Defence Manufacturing (Aatmanirbhar Bharat): The construction of IAC-II domestically reinforces India’s commitment to self-reliance in defence. It boosts local shipbuilding industries, creates jobs, and reduces dependence on foreign technology. All 57 new warships in India’s pipeline are currently being constructed indigenously.
- Regional Security: A stronger Indian Navy, equipped with advanced carriers and submarines, enhances India’s ability to monitor underwater threats, respond to contingencies, and provide maritime assistance to friendly nations in the Indian Ocean Region, contributing to regional stability.
- Budgetary Challenges: Despite the Navy’s determination, budgetary constraints remain a hurdle. The Navy’s capital allocation over the next decade must accommodate a large number of warships, submarines, and the SSN program, requiring careful financial management.
The Indian Navy’s dual-track approach to concurrently developing both a robust aircraft carrier fleet and a potent submarine arm demonstrates its strategic foresight and commitment to securing India’s maritime interests in a complex geopolitical environment.
The Resistance Front (TRF) Designated as Global Terror Group by US
Syllabus: GS3/ Internal Security (Terrorism, External State and Non-State Actors, Border Management); GS2/ International Relations (Foreign Policy, Bilateral Relations)
In Context On July 19, 2025, the United States officially designated The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT). This move significantly strengthens international efforts to isolate the group by freezing its assets and restricting its international operations. India has consistently pushed for this designation, considering TRF a significant threat to peace and security in Jammu and Kashmir.
About The Resistance Front (TRF):
- Rebranded Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT): TRF is widely recognized as a rebranded front of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), operating under the direction of Pakistan’s military and its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).
- Purpose of Rebranding: The rebranding serves multiple strategic purposes for Pakistan:
- Evade Scrutiny: It helps LeT evade international scrutiny, particularly from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which monitors terror financing.
- Indigenous Movement Narrative: It attempts to present the violence in Kashmir as an indigenous movement rather than one orchestrated by external actors.
- Denial of Involvement: It provides a plausible deniability for Pakistan regarding its support for cross-border terrorism.
- Targeting Civilians: TRF has been responsible for numerous terror attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, specifically targeting civilians, including minorities and non-local workers, to create fear and disrupt normalcy.
- Notable Attacks: The US designation cited several attacks attributed to TRF, including:
- The April 2025 Pahalgam attack that killed 26 tourists.
- The October 2024 Ganderbal killings of seven civilians.
- A June 2024 bus attack in Reasi.
- A 2020 attack in Srinagar’s Lal Chowk.
Implications of US Designation:
- Asset Freezing: The designation allows the US government to freeze any assets of TRF and its members under US jurisdiction.
- Financial Sanctions: It prohibits US persons from engaging in any transactions with TRF and its associated individuals, cutting off financial support.
- Travel Bans: TRF members will be subject to travel bans and other restrictions.
- International Cooperation: The designation encourages other countries to take similar measures, further isolating TRF and its operatives globally.
- Boost to India’s Counter-Terrorism Efforts: India has long maintained that cross-border terrorism is a major threat. This designation validates India’s intelligence and efforts and provides a stronger basis for international cooperation in counter-terrorism. It also reinforces India’s stance at global forums against state-sponsored terrorism.
- Pressure on Pakistan: While Pakistan denies supporting such groups, the designation adds to international pressure on Islamabad to dismantle terror infrastructure on its soil and take credible action against UN-designated terrorist entities.
The US designation of TRF as a global terrorist organization marks a significant step in the international fight against terrorism, aligning global efforts more closely with India’s long-standing concerns regarding cross-border terrorism emanating from Pakistan.
India’s First Carbon-Neutral Village: Palli Village Sets a Model
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment (Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Development); GS2/ Governance (Local Self-Government, Rural Development)
In Context Palli village in Jammu & Kashmir’s Samba district has achieved the remarkable distinction of becoming India’s first carbon-neutral panchayat. This landmark accomplishment, highlighted throughout July 2025 as a model for sustainable rural development, demonstrates how small communities can lead the fight against climate change through comprehensive adoption of green initiatives.
Key Features of Palli’s Carbon Neutrality:
- Full Solar Electrification: The core of Palli’s achievement is its complete reliance on solar energy. A 500 KW solar plant was inaugurated in the village, making it fully powered by solar energy. This significantly reduces its carbon footprint by eliminating dependence on fossil fuel-based electricity.
- Comprehensive Digitization: Beyond solar power, Palli has embraced comprehensive digitization of its records, merging environmental sustainability with administrative efficiency. This dual approach creates a model that combines ecological responsibility with modern governance.
- Community Participation: The success of Palli is largely attributed to the enthusiastic support and active involvement of the villagers. Their participation not only expedited the project’s completion but also ensures its long-term sustainability through local ownership and management.
- Integrated Approach: Palli’s journey demonstrates that carbon neutrality is not just about energy but also includes:
- Promoting sustainable livelihoods.
- Efficient waste management practices.
- Afforestation and green cover enhancement.
- Awareness and behavioral change among residents.
Significance and Implications:
- Model for Rural India: Palli’s success story offers valuable insights into implementing sustainable solutions at the village level and serves as a blueprint for thousands of other villages nationwide. It proves that rural communities can transition to renewable energy sources while preserving economic development and growth.
- Contribution to Climate Commitments: As India strives to achieve its ambitious renewable energy targets and reduce carbon emissions, Palli’s initiative contributes meaningfully to national environmental objectives and showcases grassroots climate action.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The project aligns with multiple Sustainable Development Goals, including affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), and climate action (SDG 13).
- Empowering Local Governance: The transformation underscores the power of local self-governance (Panchayati Raj Institutions) in driving sustainable development initiatives at the grassroots level.
- Inspiring Future Innovations: Palli’s achievement can inspire further innovations in rural sustainability, including localized renewable energy grids, waste-to-wealth initiatives, and climate-resilient agriculture practices.
Palli’s transformation from a traditional village to a carbon-neutral panchayat is not just an environmental milestone but a testament to the power of community-driven sustainable development, offering hope and practical lessons for communities worldwide.
National Research Foundation (NRF): Boosting India’s Scientific Ecosystem
Syllabus: GS3/ Science & Technology (Research & Development, Innovation); GS2/ Government Policies & Interventions (Education, Institutional Development)
In Context The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), established through an Act of Parliament (ANRF Act, 2023), continues to be a central focus in discussions about strengthening India’s research and innovation ecosystem. In July 2025, the NRF’s governing body reiterated its commitment to aligning ANRF strategies with the goals of Viksit Bharat 2047 and adopting global best practices, signaling a concerted effort to boost India’s scientific output and foster a culture of research and innovation.
About ANRF:
- Apex Body: ANRF is an apex body providing high-level strategic direction for scientific research in India.
- Broad Scope: Its mandate extends across various fields: natural sciences (including mathematical sciences), engineering and technology, environmental and earth sciences, health and agriculture, and scientific and technological interfaces of humanities and social sciences.
- Budget and Timeline: The NRF is established with a substantial outlay of ₹50,000 crore over the period 2023-2028, with a significant portion expected to come from the private sector. The Department of Science and Technology (DST) serves as its administrative department.
- Recommendations of NEP: The establishment of NRF is in accordance with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aiming to promote research and development and foster a culture of innovation across universities, colleges, research institutions, and R&D laboratories.
Key Objectives and Functions:
- Seeding and Nurturing Research: Promote research, innovation, and development, particularly in universities and colleges where research capacity is nascent, through grants, fellowships, academic chairs, and Centers of Excellence.
- Funding Mechanism: Fund competitive peer-reviewed grant proposals to eligible individuals and institutions.
- Infrastructure Development: Assist in setting up research infrastructure and creating a conducive environment for scientific pursuit, with a focus on national priorities and emerging frontiers.
- Private Sector Contribution: A key goal is to significantly increase private sector contributions to research in India (currently, government contribution is ~52% compared to 10-15% in developed nations).
- Inter-Departmental Collaboration: Foster collaborations among industry, academia, research institutions, and government departments.
- International Engagement: Enhance India’s role and engagement in significant national and global research areas, fostering exchange and collaboration with international scientists.
- Data and Policy Formulation: Coordinate and analyze expenditure on scientific research and its outcomes to create a central repository for data-driven policy formulation.
Significance for India:
- Bridging Funding Gaps: The NRF addresses the long-standing challenge of inadequate funding for research and development in India, particularly in state universities and smaller institutions.
- Promoting Research Culture: It aims to transform India from a country with high R&D spending by government to one where the private sector actively invests, fostering a vibrant research and innovation culture across all levels of education.
- Strategic Research Focus: By prioritizing national needs and emerging frontiers, NRF will steer research towards areas critical for India’s economic growth and societal well-being.
- Talent Retention and Skill Development: Robust research funding and infrastructure can attract and retain top scientific talent within India, reducing brain drain and contributing to a skilled workforce.
- Global Competitiveness: A strong research foundation is vital for India to become a global leader in science, technology, and innovation, contributing to the “Viksit Bharat” vision by 2047.
- Translating Research to Innovation: The NRF will support the translation of fundamental research into capital-intensive technologies, fostering entrepreneurship and economic impact.
The Anusandhan National Research Foundation is envisioned as a transformative catalyst, addressing systemic challenges in India’s R&D landscape and propelling the nation towards a knowledge-based economy driven by cutting-edge scientific innovation.
India’s Policy on Rare Earth Elements: Incentives and E-Waste Recycling
Syllabus: GS3/ Indian Economy (Minerals, Industry, Circular Economy); Science & Technology (Strategic Technologies, Materials Science); Environment (Waste Management)
In Context India is intensifying its efforts to secure a stable supply chain for Rare Earth Elements (REEs), crucial for advanced technologies. In July 2025, discussions highlighted a dual strategy: finalizing a significant incentive scheme for domestic production of REEs and derived magnets, and leveraging e-waste recycling as a vital new source to reduce reliance on imports, particularly from China.
The Importance of Rare Earth Elements:
- REEs are a group of 17 metallic elements critical for modern high-tech industries. They are essential components in:
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): Used in powerful permanent magnets for EV motors.
- Wind Turbines: Key for high-efficiency generators.
- Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, laptops, and displays.
- Defence Applications: Guided missiles, stealth technology, and communication systems.
- Medical Imaging: MRI machines.
- China’s Dominance: China holds a near monopoly over the global supply chain, controlling approximately 60-70% of REE mining and over 80% of processing and magnet production. This dominance, coupled with recent Chinese export restrictions, poses a significant geopolitical and economic vulnerability for countries like India.
India’s Two-Pronged Strategy:
- Incentive Scheme for Domestic Production:
- Objective: To swiftly initiate domestic mining, processing, and production of critical rare earth minerals and derived magnets.
- Outlay: A significant scheme worth ₹3,500-₹5,000 crore is being finalized for approval.
- Mechanism: Incentives will likely be offered through a reverse auction process, encouraging private sector participation.
- Need for Diversification: An internal ministerial review emphasized the urgent need to diversify the supply base due to heavy reliance on Chinese imports. Several domestic companies have already shown interest in producing these minerals.
- E-Waste Recycling as a New Source:
- Untapped Potential: E-waste (electronic waste) is emerging as a “goldmine” for rare earths. The Global E-waste Monitor report 2024 estimates the economic value of metals in e-waste at approximately $91 billion, but globally, only about 1% of rare earth demand is met through recycling.
- Indian Startups: Indian startups like Attero India and Lohum are leading the way in e-waste recycling.
- Attero India: Has invested ₹100 crore to ramp up its rare earths recycling capacity to 30,000 tonnes, with a 99.9% recovery rate for rare earths from materials like batteries, refrigerators, solar panels, and EVs.
- Lohum: Primarily a lithium-ion battery recycler, it plans to augment its capacity for REEs like neodymium, lanthanum, and cerium, using proprietary zero-waste, zero-emission technology (NEETM).
- Circular Economy: Leveraging e-waste for REE extraction aligns with the principles of a circular economy, reducing waste and promoting resource efficiency.
Challenges:
- Technological Complexity: Extracting and processing REEs, especially from e-waste, requires advanced and specialized technologies.
- Environmental Concerns: Traditional REE mining can be environmentally damaging, necessitating sustainable extraction practices.
- Investment: Significant capital investment is required to establish large-scale mining and processing facilities.
- Market Volatility: Global REE prices can be volatile, impacting the economic viability of new projects.
Significance for India:
- Strategic Autonomy: Securing a domestic supply of REEs is critical for India’s strategic autonomy, reducing its vulnerability to geopolitical disruptions and ensuring access for its burgeoning EV and renewable energy sectors.
- Economic Growth: It will foster growth in key industries like EVs, electronics, and defence manufacturing, aligning with the “Make in India” initiative.
- Circular Economy: Promoting e-waste recycling for REEs contributes to India’s goals of sustainable resource management and waste reduction.
- Global Positioning: Diversifying the global REE supply chain beyond China can enhance India’s geopolitical standing and attract foreign collaborations.
India’s comprehensive approach to rare earth elements, combining domestic production incentives with innovative e-waste recycling, positions it strategically to secure these critical minerals for its future technological and economic growth.
Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019: Continued Relevance Amidst Disputes
Syllabus: GS2/ Indian Constitution (Federalism, Inter-State Relations, Dispute Resolution Mechanisms); Polity (Bills & Acts); GS3/ Environment (Water Resources, Sustainable Development)
In Context The Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019, despite its parliamentary passage, continues to be a subject of intense discussion and calls for its expedited implementation, particularly in July 2025 as several inter-state water disputes, such as those involving the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) and the Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal, escalate. The Bill aims to streamline the adjudication of such disputes, which often linger for decades, straining federal relations.
Current Framework (Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956):
- Ad Hoc Tribunals: The existing Act allows for the formation of ad hoc tribunals for specific disputes.
- Lack of Uniformity and Timelines: Tribunals are often slow, lack uniform procedures, and their decisions can be challenged, leading to prolonged disputes (e.g., Cauvery Water Dispute lasted for decades).
- Jurisdiction Bar: Once a matter is referred to a tribunal, courts (including the Supreme Court) generally have no jurisdiction, though the Supreme Court often intervenes in implementation matters or on constitutional grounds.
- Constitutional Basis:
- Entry 17, State List: States can legislate on water, irrigation, etc.
- Entry 56, Union List: The Centre can regulate inter-State rivers if Parliament declares it in the public interest.
- Article 262: Empowers Parliament to provide for the adjudication of disputes relating to inter-State rivers and to bar the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or any other court in such matters.
Provisions of the Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019:
- Permanent Tribunal: The most significant feature is the proposal to establish a permanent Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal with multiple benches. This aims to replace the existing system of forming a new ad hoc tribunal for each dispute.
- Fixed Timelines: The Bill mandates strict timelines for the tribunal:
- A maximum of two years for a decision to be made.
- A provision for a one-year extension if needed.
- The Centre will set up a Dispute Resolution Committee (DRC), consisting of experts, to mediate and resolve disputes amicably within one year before they are referred to the Tribunal.
- Data Bank and Information System: It proposes establishing a data bank and information system for each river basin, to be maintained by a central agency. This aims to provide reliable data, which is often a major point of contention in disputes.
- Composition and Review: The Bill specifies the composition of the Tribunal and also provides for a review mechanism of its decisions.
Need for the Amendment:
- Expedite Justice: To address the long delays in resolving inter-state water disputes, which can exacerbate tensions and hinder development projects.
- Streamline Process: Create a more efficient and standardized process for dispute resolution.
- Reduce Contentiousness: Provide a structured framework for data sharing and technical assessment to reduce political friction.
- Promote Cooperative Federalism: Facilitate better cooperation between states and the Centre on water resource management.
Challenges and Current Disputes (e.g., Punjab-Haryana over BBMB/SYL):
- Political Will: Despite the Bill’s passage, its full implementation and the establishment of the permanent tribunal require sustained political will.
- Data Discrepancies: Even with a data bank, states often dispute data, requiring strong independent verification mechanisms.
- Compliance: Ensuring compliance with tribunal awards remains a challenge, as seen in the long-pending Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal issue.
- Ecological Factors: Climate change impacts, such as declining snowfall and erratic rainfall (as observed in 2025 leading to lower dam levels like Bhakra and Pong), add new complexities to water availability, intensifying disputes.
The Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019, represents a crucial step towards reforming India’s water dispute resolution mechanism. Its effective implementation is essential for fostering cooperative federalism and ensuring equitable and sustainable water resource management across the nation.
India’s Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Targets: Decarbonizing Aviation
Syllabus: GS3/ Environment (Climate Change, Renewable Energy); Indian Economy (Infrastructure, Aviation, Biofuels)
In Context India is setting ambitious targets for the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) as part of its strategy to decarbonize the aviation sector and align with global climate goals. As of July 2025, India has mandated a 1% SAF blending target for domestic airlines by 2025 and is exploring higher targets for international flights, signaling a significant push towards cleaner aviation.
What is Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)?
- SAF is a jet fuel alternative that reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to conventional jet fuel. It is produced from sustainable feedstocks such as:
- Agricultural waste and residues
- Municipal solid waste
- Used cooking oil
- Algae
- Non-food crops (e.g., Jatropha)
- “Drop-in” Fuel: SAF is a “drop-in” fuel, meaning it can be blended with conventional jet fuel and used in existing aircraft engines and infrastructure without requiring significant modifications.
- Emission Reduction: Depending on the feedstock and production pathway, SAF can reduce lifecycle carbon emissions by up to 80% compared to fossil jet fuel.
India’s SAF Targets and Initiatives:
- Domestic Blending Target: India plans to mandate the use of 1% SAF for domestic airlines by 2025. This will require approximately 140 million litres of biofuels.
- International Flight Targets: Discussions are ongoing for SAF blending targets of 1-2% for international flights by 2027-2028, with a more ambitious goal of 5% by 2030 and potentially scaling up to 15% by 2040.
- Production Capabilities:
- Praj Industries, a private company, has been instrumental in providing biojet fuel.
- Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), the country’s top refiner, aims to set up a plant by 2026 to produce 87,000 tonnes of SAF per year, with an investment of over ₹15 billion.
- More private players and Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) are expected to invest in SAF production facilities.
- Policy Support: Unlike the US and EU, India does not yet have a comprehensive policy governing SAF. However, the proposed mandates indicate a clear policy direction, with final cabinet approval awaited for the 1% mandate.
- National Biofuel Policy, 2018: India’s broader National Biofuel Policy provides a framework for boosting biofuel production, which indirectly supports SAF development.
Challenges and Opportunities:
- Feedstock Availability: Ensuring a sustainable and scalable supply of diverse feedstocks without competing with food production.
- Production Costs: SAF is currently more expensive to produce than conventional jet fuel. Government incentives and economies of scale will be crucial.
- Technological Readiness: Scaling up advanced SAF production technologies.
- Infrastructure: Developing necessary infrastructure for storage, blending, and distribution.
- Global Harmonization: Aligning with international standards and certifications for SAF.
Significance for India:
- Climate Action: Decarbonizing the aviation sector is critical for India to meet its net-zero emission targets by 2070 and contribute to global climate efforts.
- Energy Security: Diversifying aviation fuel sources reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels, enhancing energy security.
- “Make in India”: Domestic SAF production supports the “Make in India” initiative, fostering indigenous manufacturing and creating jobs.
- Leadership in Green Aviation: By setting ambitious targets and investing in SAF production, India can emerge as a leader in green aviation.
- Economic Opportunities: The development of the SAF industry will create new economic opportunities in agriculture, waste management, and biotechnology sectors.
India’s strategic focus on Sustainable Aviation Fuel underscores its commitment to environmental sustainability and its growing role in shaping the future of global aviation, balancing economic growth with climate responsibility.
BharatNet Phase III: Expanding Rural Digital Connectivity
Syllabus: GS3/ Indian Economy (Infrastructure, Digital India, Rural Development); GS2/ Government Policies & Interventions (Digital Inclusion, E-Governance)
In Context The BharatNet project, India’s ambitious initiative to provide broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats (GPs), is entering its crucial Phase III. As of July 2025, the government has announced significant investment and targets under this phase to further extend subsidized broadband access to rural households and enhance network resilience. This phase is pivotal for realizing the vision of a digitally empowered India.
About BharatNet:
- World’s Largest Rural Broadband Project: BharatNet is one of the biggest rural telecom projects globally, aiming to bridge the digital divide between urban and rural areas.
- Objective: To provide unrestricted, affordable broadband connectivity to all Gram Panchayats (GPs) and, subsequently, to all villages, enabling access to e-health, e-education, e-governance, and e-commerce services.
- Progress So Far: As of March 2025, over 2.18 lakh Gram Panchayats have been made service-ready, with over 4.2 million route km of Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) laid. Over 1.2 million Fibre-To-The-Home (FTTH) connections and 1 lakh Wi-Fi hotspots have been commissioned.
Key Features of BharatNet Phase III (Ongoing):
- Investment: The government is investing USD 18 billion (approx. ₹1.4 lakh crore) under Phase III.
- Expanded Connectivity: The goal is to connect an additional 40,000 Gram Panchayats and extend subsidized broadband access to 1.5 crore rural households.
- Maintenance of Existing Connections: A significant focus is also on maintaining the existing 2.18 lakh village connections to ensure service reliability.
- Future-Proofing the Network: Phase III aims to integrate 5G technologies, increase bandwidth capacity, and ensure robust last-mile connectivity.
- Ring Topology and Resilience: The Amended BharatNet Program (ABP), approved in August 2023, is integral to Phase III. It focuses on connecting 2.64 lakh GPs in a ring topology (a network design where connected devices form a circular data channel). This design enhances network resilience by providing alternative data paths if one link fails.
- IP-MPLS Network: It includes an IP-MPLS (Internet Protocol Multi-Protocol Label Switching) network with routers at Block and GP levels for efficient data transfer.
- Operation and Maintenance (O&M): The program includes provisions for 10 years of operation and maintenance, along with power backup and Remote Fibre Monitoring Systems (RFMS).
- BSNL as PMA: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has been appointed as the single Project Management Agency (PMA) for the O&M of the entire network.
Significance for India:
- Digital Inclusion: Connecting remote villages to high-speed internet is fundamental for digital inclusion, empowering millions by providing access to information and opportunities.
- Economic Opportunities: High-speed internet facilitates participation in digital commerce, access to financial services, and entrepreneurial opportunities for rural populations.
- E-Governance: It enables seamless delivery of e-governance services, making government services more accessible and transparent.
- Education and Healthcare: Access to online education (e-learning) and telemedicine (e-health) can transform rural education and healthcare, improving quality and reach.
- “Digital India” Vision: BharatNet is a cornerstone of the “Digital India” mission, fostering inclusive growth and bridging the urban-rural gap.
- Affordable Data: India already boasts some of the world’s lowest data prices and a rapid 5G rollout, further democratizing the digital revolution.
BharatNet Phase III is a critical step in building a robust digital backbone for rural India, ensuring that the benefits of digital transformation reach every corner of the country and contribute to overall national development.
National Youth Policy (NYP) 2025: Empowering India’s Youth for Viksit Bharat
Syllabus: GS2/ Government Policies & Interventions (Youth Development, Social Justice, Skill Development); Indian Society (Demographics, Vulnerable Sections)
In Context The Government of India is set to release the final version of the National Youth Policy (NYP) 2025, building upon the draft NYP 2024. This new policy, expected to outline a ten-year vision for youth development, is strategically aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and India’s aspiration for a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047. The policy seeks to empower India’s vast youth population (aged 15-29 years, comprising nearly 40% of the total population) to be active contributors to nation-building.
Background:
- The previous National Youth Policy was formulated in 2014. Given the rapidly changing socio-economic landscape, technological advancements, and evolving aspirations of the youth, a revised policy was deemed necessary.
- The draft NYP 2024 was developed after extensive consultations with stakeholders, including youth organizations, academic experts, civil society, and government departments.
Key Pillars and Objectives of NYP 2025 (Expected): The policy is expected to focus on five main areas, with a strong commitment to social inclusion:
- Education:
- Aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 to improve academic outcomes, career readiness, and life skills.
- Promoting digital literacy, critical thinking, and vocational training.
- Ensuring equitable access to quality education for all, especially marginalized groups.
- Employment & Entrepreneurship:
- Creating decent job opportunities, enhancing employability through skill development and vocational training.
- Promoting youth entrepreneurship and innovation through mentorship, access to finance, and incubation support.
- Addressing youth unemployment, which is a global concern (over 20% of global youth are NEET – Not in Employment, Education, or Training).
- Focusing on sectors with high growth potential, including the agrifood systems, where increased youth participation could significantly boost GDP.
- Youth Leadership & Development:
- Strengthening leadership and volunteering opportunities at local, national, and international levels.
- Encouraging youth participation in governance and decision-making processes.
- Promoting civic engagement and a sense of social responsibility.
- Leveraging technology to empower youth and amplify their voices.
- Health & Wellbeing:
- Enhancing physical and mental healthcare services, with a specific focus on mental health awareness and support.
- Promoting reproductive health, nutrition, and healthy lifestyles.
- Encouraging participation in sports and fitness activities.
- Addressing rising food insecurity among rural youth, as highlighted by FAO reports.
- Social Justice & Inclusion:
- Ensuring safety, justice, and comprehensive support for marginalized youth, including those from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, minorities, persons with disabilities, and transgender youth.
- Combating discrimination and promoting gender equality.
- Providing a protective environment against exploitation and abuse.
Implementation Strategy:
- Cross-Sectoral Coordination: The policy will emphasize convergence of various government schemes and programs related to youth development across different ministries.
- Technology Integration: Leveraging digital platforms for outreach, skill development, mentorship, and monitoring.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Encouraging collaboration with NGOs, private sector, and international organizations.
- District-Level Implementation: Empowering local bodies and youth organizations for effective grassroots implementation.
Significance for India:
- Demographic Dividend: The policy aims to effectively harness India’s vast demographic dividend by transforming its young population into a skilled, productive, and engaged workforce.
- Nation Building: By empowering youth, the policy directly contributes to the vision of a developed India (Viksit Bharat) by 2047, ensuring sustainable and inclusive growth.
- Addressing Challenges: It addresses critical issues like unemployment, skill gaps, mental health, and social exclusion among youth.
- SDG Alignment: The policy’s alignment with SDGs strengthens India’s commitment to global sustainable development targets.
- Youth as Agents of Change: It seeks to position youth not just as beneficiaries but as active agents of social and economic change.
The National Youth Policy 2025 is set to be a transformative roadmap, guiding comprehensive efforts to nurture the potential of India’s youth, ensuring their holistic development, and enabling them to play a pivotal role in the nation’s future.
