July 31 – UPSC Current Affairs – PM IAS – Plover Minds Institute LLP

Polity & Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance; Fundamental Rights; Role of Media; Government Policies and Interventions

Parliament Amends Data Protection Act: Concerns over RTI and Press Freedom

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Indian Parliament passed significant amendments to the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act), 2023, amidst debates. While the government asserted the amendments aim to strengthen data privacy and national security, rights groups, media organizations, and legal experts have voiced strong concerns that the revised provisions could severely undermine the Right to Information (RTI) Act and curtail press freedom. The amendments reportedly broadened the scope of exemptions for government agencies and introduced stricter penalties for data breaches without clear oversight mechanisms.
Status of Legislation & Concerns:
- Broad Exemptions for Government: The primary contention is an expanded clause that allows government agencies broad exemptions from data protection norms, citing national security, public order, and prevention of cognizable offences. Critics argue this could be misused to withhold information.
- Impact on RTI: Fears are rampant that the amendments could be interpreted to deny information under the RTI Act, especially when it involves personal data held by public authorities, thereby weakening government accountability.
- Chilling Effect on Press Freedom: Journalists and media houses express apprehension that the vague wording regarding “sensitive personal data” and increased punitive measures could lead to self-censorship, making it harder to report on public interest issues that might involve personal information of public figures or officials.
- Ambiguity in “Public Interest”: The Act reportedly lacks a clear definition of what constitutes “public interest” in the context of data access, leaving room for arbitrary interpretation by authorities.
Reasons Behind Concerns (Root Causes):
- Balance between Privacy & Transparency: The inherent tension in balancing individual privacy rights with the public’s right to information and media’s role in holding power accountable.
- Government Control & Oversight: Critics allege a trend towards greater executive control over data and information, potentially at the expense of democratic checks and balances.
- Lack of Pre-Legislative Scrutiny: Concerns were raised during the bill’s passage about inadequate public consultation and parliamentary scrutiny, leading to potential loopholes.
- Definition of “Personal Data”: The broad definition of personal data without sufficient safeguards for data in the public domain or for journalistic purposes complicates its application.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks (Existing & Affected):
- Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (as amended): The core legislation governing data protection in India.
- Right to Information Act, 2005: The bedrock of transparency in India, now potentially constrained by the DPDP Act amendments.
- Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution: Guarantees freedom of speech and expression, which includes freedom of the press and the right to information.
- Supreme Court Rulings: Past judgments on the right to privacy (e.g., Puttaswamy judgment) and freedom of expression will be crucial in future legal challenges.
- Press Council of India (PCI) & Media Bodies: Expected to play a role in advocating for press freedom.
Way Forward: Ensuring Balance and Accountability
- Judicial Review: Petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the amendments are likely, and the Supreme Court’s interpretation will be critical in balancing competing rights.
- Clearer Definitions: The government could consider issuing clear rules and guidelines that narrowly define exemptions and provide a robust framework for legitimate public interest disclosure.
- Stakeholder Consultation: Future amendments or clarifications should involve extensive consultation with civil society, media, and legal experts to build consensus and address genuine concerns.
- Independent Oversight: Strengthening the independence and powers of the Data Protection Board and ensuring robust grievance redressal mechanisms.
- Public Awareness: Educating citizens on their rights and responsibilities under both the DPDP Act and RTI Act.

Economy & Agriculture Syllabus: GS3/Indian Economy; Agriculture; Food Security; Government Schemes

India Launches ‘National Oilseed Self-Reliance Mission’ to Boost Domestic Production

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare officially launched the “National Oilseed Self-Reliance Mission (NOSRM),” a comprehensive initiative aimed at significantly reducing India’s heavy dependence on edible oil imports. The mission targets a substantial increase in domestic oilseed production and processing capacity over the next five years, aligning with the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ vision. India currently imports over 60% of its edible oil requirements, making it one of the largest importers globally.
Status & Challenges of Oilseed Sector:
- High Import Dependence: India imports approximately 15-16 million tonnes of edible oil annually, costing over $20 billion, putting a significant burden on the exchequer and making the country vulnerable to global price fluctuations.
- Low Productivity: Compared to global averages, India’s oilseed yields are relatively low due to traditional farming practices, reliance on rainfed areas, and limited adoption of modern technology.
- Limited Processing Infrastructure: Inadequate modern processing units and value addition facilities hinder the full utilization of domestic produce.
- Paddy-Wheat Cycle Dominance: The assured procurement of rice and wheat often discourages farmers from diversifying into oilseeds, particularly in irrigated areas.
- Market Volatility: Fluctuations in international edible oil prices directly impact domestic farmer’s profitability, making oilseed cultivation less attractive.
Reasons Behind the Mission (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Food Security & Economic Sovereignty: Reducing import dependence is crucial for national food security and economic stability.
- Boosting Farmers’ Income: Providing incentives and support to oilseed farmers to diversify and increase their profitability.
- Sustainable Agriculture: Promoting efficient land use and crop rotation.
- Foreign Exchange Savings: Significant reduction in import bill will save valuable foreign exchange.
- Reducing Inflationary Pressure: Stable domestic supply can help moderate edible oil prices.
Key Strategies of National Oilseed Self-Reliance Mission:
- Enhanced Research & Development: Focus on developing high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties suitable for diverse agro-climatic zones. This includes strengthening the five All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRPs) and two flagship projects for hybrid development and gene editing in oilseeds.
- Area Expansion & Crop Diversification: Incentivizing farmers, particularly in rainfed and fallow lands, to bring more area under oilseed cultivation. Promoting inter-cropping and sequence cropping.
- Input Support: Subsidized provision of quality seeds, fertilizers, and plant protection measures.
- Technological Adoption: Promotion of modern farming practices, precision agriculture, and efficient irrigation techniques.
- Value Chain Development: Strengthening post-harvest management, processing units, and marketing infrastructure to ensure better returns for farmers. This includes a cluster-based approach involving Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and cooperatives.
- Minimum Support Price (MSP) & Procurement: Ensuring remunerative MSPs and efficient procurement mechanisms to provide price stability to farmers.
- Awareness & Capacity Building: Training farmers on best practices and benefits of oilseed cultivation.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks (Existing & Proposed):
- National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – Oilseeds: The NOSRM will likely integrate and expand upon the existing NFSM-Oilseeds program.
- Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act Reforms: Facilitating direct procurement and better market access for oilseed farmers.
- National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-OP): This existing scheme targets oil palm cultivation, and the NOSRM will complement it by focusing on other major oilseeds like soybean, groundnut, mustard, sunflower, and sesame.
- FPO Promotion Scheme: Encouraging farmers to form FPOs for collective bargaining and value addition.
- Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Utilizing DBT for providing financial assistance to farmers.
Way Forward: A Multi-pronged Approach for Self-Reliance
- Integrated Approach: Success hinges on seamless coordination between various ministries (Agriculture, Commerce, Finance, Food & Public Distribution) and state governments.
- Sustainable Practices: Emphasizing environmentally sustainable cultivation practices to prevent soil degradation and water depletion.
- Market Linkages: Strong linkages between farmers, processors, and consumers to ensure efficient value chains.
- Private Sector Investment: Attracting private investment in research, processing, and marketing infrastructure.
- Global Best Practices: Learning from countries that have achieved self-sufficiency in oilseeds.
- Consumer Awareness: Promoting the consumption of domestically produced edible oils.

Polity & Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance; Federalism; Centre-State Relations; Government Policies & Interventions

Enhancing Cooperative Federalism: Centre’s New Task Force on Fiscal Transfers

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Union Finance Ministry announced the constitution of a high-level Task Force to review and recommend improvements in the framework for fiscal transfers from the Centre to the States. This move comes amidst persistent demands from various state governments for greater financial autonomy and a more equitable distribution of central funds, aiming to strengthen cooperative federalism. The Task Force is expected to submit its report within six months, influencing the 17th Finance Commission’s recommendations.
Status of Fiscal Federalism & Challenges:
- Increasing State Dependence: Many states argue that their revenue-raising capacity has been constrained, leading to increased dependence on central grants and shared taxes.
- Categorical vs. Untied Grants: Debates persist over the balance between central schemes with strict guidelines (categorical grants) and untied funds, with states advocating for more flexibility.
- Debt Burdens: Several states are grappling with high debt-to-GDP ratios, exacerbated by the need to fund development projects and social welfare schemes.
- Impact of GST: While GST streamlined indirect taxes, some states report revenue shortfalls and demand for adequate compensation mechanisms.
- Asymmetric Development: Fiscal transfers often need to address regional disparities in development and capacity, which remains a challenge.
Reasons Behind the Initiative (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Addressing State Grievances: Proactive step to address long-standing concerns of states regarding the quantum and modalities of financial transfers.
- Boosting Investment: Ensuring states have adequate and predictable funds for capital expenditure to drive local economic growth and infrastructure development.
- Improving Fiscal Health: Aiming to create a more sustainable fiscal framework for both the Centre and states, preventing excessive borrowing.
- Strengthening Cooperative Federalism: Reinforcing trust and collaboration between the Union and State governments for national development.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Constitution of India (Articles 268-281): Defines the financial relations between the Union and the States.
- Finance Commission (Article 280): A constitutional body that recommends the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the Union and states, and among states. The Task Force’s recommendations will feed into the 17th Finance Commission’s work.
- Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council: Governs indirect taxation and related revenue sharing.
- NITI Aayog: Plays a role in policy dialogue and strategic planning involving states.
Way Forward: Towards Sustainable & Equitable Fiscal Transfers
- Data-Driven Recommendations: The Task Force must rely on robust data analysis to assess fiscal needs and capacities of states.
- Balancing Autonomy & Accountability: Striking a balance between providing states greater financial flexibility and ensuring accountability for fund utilization.
- Incentivizing Reforms: Designing transfer mechanisms that incentivize fiscal discipline, good governance, and specific development outcomes in states.
- Addressing Disaster Financing: Evolving a clearer and more predictable mechanism for disaster relief funding, which often strains state finances.
- Regular Review: Establishing a mechanism for periodic review of fiscal transfer policies to adapt to evolving economic realities.

Science & Technology Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology; Space Technology; Disaster Management

ISRO’s ‘SARAS-3’ Satellite for Advanced Disaster Prediction Launched

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched ‘SARAS-3’, a next-generation Earth observation satellite designed for advanced monitoring and prediction of natural disasters. This mission aims to significantly enhance India’s capabilities in real-time environmental sensing, early warning systems for extreme weather events, and precise resource mapping, bolstering national disaster preparedness.
Status of Disaster Management & Technological Gaps:
- Vulnerability: India remains highly vulnerable to various natural disasters including floods, cyclones, droughts, and earthquakes, causing significant loss of life and property.
- Existing Capabilities: ISRO already operates a fleet of remote sensing satellites (e.g., RISAT series, Oceansat) for environmental monitoring.
- Need for Precision: Current systems, while effective, require enhanced resolution, faster data turnaround, and more sophisticated analytical tools for highly localized and rapid-onset events.
- Data Integration: Challenges persist in seamlessly integrating satellite data with ground-based sensor networks and meteorological models for comprehensive disaster intelligence.
Reasons Behind the Launch (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Minimizing Disaster Impact: Primary goal is to reduce the human and economic toll of natural calamities through proactive measures.
- Climate Change Adaptation: Providing critical data for understanding and adapting to the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events due to climate change.
- Resource Optimization: Efficient mapping and management of natural resources (water, agriculture, forests) for sustainable development.
- Technological Leadership: Reinforcing India’s position in advanced space technology and its applications for societal benefit.
- International Collaboration: Potential for data sharing and collaborative research with international agencies for global disaster risk reduction.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- National Disaster Management Act, 2005: Provides the legal framework for disaster management in India.
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Apex body for laying down policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management.
- Indian Meteorological Department (IMD): Utilizes satellite data for weather forecasting and cyclone warnings.
- Ministry of Earth Sciences: Supports research and development in earth system sciences, including satellite applications.
- ISRO’s mandates: To develop space technology and its application for national development.
Way Forward: Leveraging Space for Societal Resilience
- Data Accessibility & Dissemination: Ensuring rapid and user-friendly access to SARAS-3 data for disaster management agencies, state governments, and researchers.
- Integration with AI/ML: Developing advanced Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning algorithms for quicker analysis and predictive modeling of satellite data.
- Capacity Building: Training state and district-level disaster management teams to effectively utilize high-resolution satellite inputs.
- Public-Private Partnership: Encouraging private sector involvement in downstream data processing, value-added services, and application development.
- International Cooperation: Exploring partnerships for joint satellite missions and data exchange to address trans-boundary environmental challenges.

Environment & Ecology Syllabus: GS3/Environment; Climate Change; Conservation

India’s First National Mangrove Mission Launched to Enhance Coastal Resilience

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change launched the “National Mangrove Mission (NMM),” India’s most ambitious program to restore, conserve, and expand mangrove ecosystems across its vast coastline. This comes in response to increasing coastal erosion, the vulnerability of coastal communities to extreme weather events, and the critical ecological role mangroves play as natural barriers and biodiversity hotspots. The mission aims to cover significant degraded areas over the next decade.
Status of Mangrove Ecosystems & Threats:
- Decline: India has lost a substantial portion of its original mangrove cover due to urbanization, aquaculture, industrial development, and pollution.
- Ecological Importance: Mangroves serve as vital breeding grounds for marine life, protect coastlines from cyclones and tsunamis, sequester significant amounts of carbon (blue carbon), and support livelihoods of coastal communities.
- Threats: Habitat destruction, unsustainable exploitation of resources, altered hydrology, rising sea levels, and climate change impacts (e.g., increased salinity, extreme weather).
- Existing Efforts: Current initiatives like the Mangroves for the Future (MFF) and sporadic state-level conservation projects have made some progress but lack a cohesive national framework.
Reasons Behind the Mission (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Climate Change Adaptation: Recognizing mangroves as a crucial nature-based solution for coastal adaptation and climate resilience.
- Biodiversity Conservation: Protecting and restoring unique flora and fauna dependent on mangrove habitats.
- Livelihood Security: Supporting traditional fishing communities and promoting sustainable eco-tourism.
- Carbon Sequestration: Utilizing mangroves’ capacity to absorb and store carbon, contributing to India’s climate commitments.
- Coastal Protection: Strengthening natural defenses against storm surges, tsunamis, and erosion.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2018: Protects and regulates activities in coastal areas, including mangroves.
- Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972: Provides protection for various mangrove species and associated fauna.
- Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Governs diversion of forest land, applicable to mangrove forests.
- National Coastal Mission Programme (NCMP): The NMM will likely be integrated or synergized with broader coastal zone management programs.
- State Forest Departments & Coastal Zone Management Authorities: Key implementing agencies at the state level.
Way Forward: Holistic Approach to Mangrove Conservation
- Community Participation: Engaging local communities, especially women, in mangrove plantation, protection, and sustainable management practices.
- Inter-Ministerial Coordination: Ensuring synergy between ministries like Environment, Fisheries, Shipping, and Rural Development.
- Scientific Research: Investing in research on mangrove ecology, restoration techniques, and climate change impacts.
- Financial Mechanisms: Mobilizing adequate funds from government budgets, international grants, and potentially carbon credits.
- Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public on the ecological and economic value of mangroves.
- Addressing Encroachment: Strict enforcement against illegal encroachments and pollution sources affecting mangrove habitats.

Economy & Industry Syllabus: GS3/Indian Economy; Industrial Policy; Infrastructure

Government Unveils ‘National Logistics Efficiency Policy 2025’ to Cut Costs

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry launched the “National Logistics Efficiency Policy 2025,” an ambitious framework aimed at drastically reducing India’s logistics costs as a percentage of GDP and enhancing global competitiveness. The policy envisions a highly integrated, efficient, and resilient logistics ecosystem leveraging technology, multimodal transport, and skill development. This follows the groundwork laid by the National Logistics Policy (2022) and aligns with the Gati Shakti initiative.
Status of Logistics Sector & Challenges:
- High Logistics Costs: India’s logistics cost is estimated at around 13-14% of GDP, significantly higher than the global average (8-9%), impacting manufacturing competitiveness.
- Infrastructure Gaps: Despite improvements, gaps persist in multimodal connectivity, last-mile delivery, warehousing, and cold chain infrastructure.
- Fragmented Ecosystem: The sector is largely unorganized, with disparate stakeholders and a lack of seamless coordination.
- Inefficient Processes: Cumbersome documentation, multiple regulatory clearances, and delays at various checkpoints contribute to inefficiencies.
- Skill Shortage: A deficit of skilled manpower in logistics management, data analytics, and specialized operations.
Reasons Behind the Policy (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Boosting Manufacturing & Exports: Lowering logistics costs makes Indian goods more competitive in global markets.
- Enhancing Ease of Doing Business: Streamlining processes and reducing delays for businesses.
- Job Creation: Developing a robust logistics sector can generate significant employment opportunities.
- Supply Chain Resilience: Building robust logistics networks crucial for economic stability, especially in times of global disruptions.
- Infrastructure Utilization: Optimizing the use of existing and new infrastructure built under Gati Shakti.
Key Strategies of the Policy:
- Multimodal Integration: Promoting the seamless integration of road, rail, waterways, and air cargo for cost-effective and faster movement of goods.
- Digitalization & Technology Adoption: Leveraging AI, IoT, blockchain, and data analytics for real-time tracking, predictive logistics, and paperless transactions.
- Infrastructure Development: Continued focus on dedicated freight corridors, port modernization, airport cargo terminals, and logistics parks (Multi-modal Logistics Parks – MMLPs).
- Skill Development & Training: Establishing specialized logistics training institutes and skill enhancement programs.
- Regulatory Simplification: Rationalizing laws, reducing compliance burden, and standardizing processes across states.
- Green Logistics: Promoting sustainable logistics practices, including electric vehicles and optimized routing to reduce carbon footprint.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- National Logistics Policy, 2022: The foundation upon which the 2025 policy builds.
- PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan: A digital platform for integrated planning and synchronized implementation of infrastructure projects.
- Logistics Division within the Ministry of Commerce & Industry: The nodal agency for policy implementation.
- Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL): Critical for efficient rail logistics.
- Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI): Promotes water transport.
Way Forward: Achieving Global Competitiveness in Logistics
- Inter-Ministerial Synergy: Ensuring robust coordination among ministries like Commerce, Railways, Road Transport, Shipping, and Civil Aviation.
- State-Level Implementation: Active participation and reforms by state governments in streamlining permits and developing local infrastructure.
- Private Sector Investment: Attracting significant private capital and expertise in logistics infrastructure and technology.
- Performance Monitoring: Establishing clear KPIs and a robust monitoring mechanism to track progress and identify bottlenecks.
- Standardization: Developing uniform standards for packaging, warehousing, and handling across the logistics chain.

Social Justice & Development Syllabus: GS2/Social Justice; Vulnerable Sections; Health & Education

‘National Geriatric Care Mission’ Launched to Address Elderly Health Crisis

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare launched the “National Geriatric Care Mission (NGCM),” a comprehensive national initiative aimed at strengthening healthcare services for India’s rapidly growing elderly population. The mission recognizes the unique health challenges faced by senior citizens, including chronic diseases, mental health issues, and limited access to specialized care, and seeks to build a robust, accessible, and affordable geriatric healthcare ecosystem across the country.
Status of Elderly Health & Gaps:
- Demographic Shift: India’s elderly population (60+) is projected to reach over 170 million by 2026, posing significant health and social challenges.
- Disease Burden: High prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), neurological disorders, and mental health issues among the elderly.
- Lack of Specialization: Shortage of trained geriatricians, specialized nurses, and allied healthcare professionals.
- Accessibility Issues: Limited access to affordable and specialized geriatric care, especially in rural areas.
- Social Isolation & Neglect: Elderly often face social isolation, neglect, and abuse, impacting their physical and mental well-being.
- Financial Constraints: Many elderly lack adequate financial resources for healthcare expenses.
Reasons Behind the Mission (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Aging Population: Proactive response to the demographic transition and its associated health demands.
- Right to Health: Ensuring equitable access to quality healthcare for all, including the elderly, as a fundamental right.
- Reducing Disease Burden: Early detection and management of age-related ailments to improve quality of life.
- Supporting Families: Alleviating the burden on families caring for elderly members.
- Promoting Active Aging: Enabling senior citizens to remain healthy, independent, and productive for longer.
Key Strategies of the National Geriatric Care Mission:
- Infrastructure Strengthening: Upgrading district hospitals with dedicated geriatric wards, clinics, and equipment.
- Human Resource Development: Training and deployment of geriatric specialists, nurses, physiotherapists, and counsellors at all levels of healthcare.
- Preventive & Promotive Health: Focus on health screenings, immunization, nutrition, and lifestyle modifications for healthy aging.
- Accessible Services: Promoting home-based care, tele-geriatrics, and mobile health units, especially in remote areas.
- Affordable Care: Integrating geriatric services into existing health insurance schemes like Ayushman Bharat.
- Mental Health Support: Establishing dedicated mental health services for the elderly.
- Research & Innovation: Promoting research into age-related diseases and effective interventions.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- National Programme for Healthcare of the Elderly (NPHCE): The NGCM builds upon and expands the scope of the existing NPHCE.
- Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007: Ensures legal provisions for maintenance and protection of senior citizens.
- Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY): Providing health insurance coverage for the poor and vulnerable, including elderly.
- National Health Policy, 2017: Emphasizes comprehensive primary health care and geriatric care.
- Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment: Plays a crucial role in welfare schemes for senior citizens (e.g., Integrated Programme for Older Persons).
Way Forward: A Compassionate and Comprehensive Approach
- Integrated Care Model: Developing a seamless continuum of care from primary health centers to tertiary hospitals.
- Community Engagement: Involving local communities, NGOs, and volunteers in supporting elderly care.
- Digital Health Solutions: Leveraging technology for remote monitoring, virtual consultations, and health record management.
- Public Awareness: Campaigns to destigmatize aging, promote healthy lifestyles, and address issues of elder abuse.
- Long-Term Care Policy: Developing a robust long-term care policy framework to address the needs of frail and dependent elderly.

Internal Security Syllabus: GS3/Internal Security; Border Management; Counter-Terrorism

India Fortifies Northern Borders with Integrated Surveillance Systems

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Defence announced the accelerated deployment of advanced Integrated Border Management Systems (IBMS) along critical stretches of India’s northern borders with China and Nepal. This strategic move aims to enhance surveillance capabilities, prevent infiltration, and counter trans-border security threats, leveraging cutting-edge technology and synergizing efforts of various security agencies.
Status of Border Security & Challenges:
- Porous Borders: Challenges with long, diverse, and often difficult terrain along the northern borders, making traditional patrolling arduous.
- Technological Gap: While some areas have advanced systems, comprehensive, real-time, all-weather surveillance across all vulnerable points is still evolving.
- Infiltration & Smuggling: Persistent threats from illegal infiltration, smuggling of arms and narcotics, and cross-border criminal activities.
- Adversary Capabilities: Modernization of capabilities by neighboring countries necessitates a robust Indian response.
- Manpower Limitations: Difficult to maintain a continuous human presence across every inch of the border.
Reasons Behind the Fortification (Root Causes & Objectives):
- National Security Imperative: Protecting territorial integrity and preventing hostile incursions.
- Countering Trans-border Threats: Effectively addressing terrorism, insurgency, and organized crime emanating from across the border.
- Technological Advancement: Leveraging available and emerging technologies for superior detection and response.
- Optimizing Manpower: Utilizing technology to augment human surveillance and patrols, allowing for more strategic deployment of personnel.
- Strategic Deterrence: Sending a clear signal of India’s commitment to securing its borders with modern means.
Key Components of Integrated Border Management Systems (IBMS):
- Advanced Surveillance: Integration of high-resolution cameras (thermal, night vision), ground surveillance radars, unattended ground sensors (UGS), and aerial surveillance drones.
- Data Fusion & Analytics: Centralized command and control centers receiving real-time feeds from multiple sensors, processed by AI/ML algorithms for threat detection and prediction.
- Rapid Response Teams: Integration of surveillance data with rapid deployment forces for quick interception of threats.
- Physical Barriers: Where feasible and necessary, complementing technological solutions with physical barriers.
- Cyber Security: Robust cyber defenses to protect the sensitive data and control systems of the IBMS.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA): Overall nodal ministry for border management.
- Border Security Force (BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): Primary border guarding forces responsible for implementation and operations.
- Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP): Governs the acquisition of defence equipment for the armed forces.
- National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS): Provides strategic guidance on national security matters.
Way Forward: Comprehensive Border Security Strategy
- Continuous Upgradation: Regular review and upgradation of technology to keep pace with evolving threats and capabilities.
- Inter-Agency Coordination: Enhancing synergy and intelligence sharing among various security agencies (military, paramilitary, intelligence).
- Human Factor: Investing in training and capacity building of border personnel to effectively operate and maintain advanced systems.
- Community Participation: Engaging border communities in intelligence gathering and fostering their trust.
- Diplomatic Engagement: Complementing security measures with diplomatic efforts to resolve border disputes and manage cross-border relations.

Social Justice & Vulnerable Sections Syllabus: GS2/Social Justice; Poverty & Hunger; Food Security

National Food Security Audit Mandated for Fair Price Shops

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution mandated a nationwide comprehensive audit of all Fair Price Shops (FPS) under the Public Distribution System (PDS). This initiative aims to enhance transparency, plug leakages, and ensure efficient delivery of subsidized food grains to beneficiaries, addressing long-standing concerns about diversion and irregularities in the PDS. The audit will be conducted annually and leverage technology for real-time monitoring.
Status of PDS & Challenges:
- Largest Food Security Program: PDS is the world’s largest food security program, reaching over 800 million beneficiaries.
- Leakages & Diversion: Despite reforms, issues of leakage, diversion of food grains to the open market, and inclusion/exclusion errors persist.
- Lack of Transparency: Opaque operations at some FPSs, lack of proper record-keeping, and insufficient public oversight.
- Infrastructure Deficiencies: Inadequate storage, transportation, and last-mile delivery infrastructure in some regions.
- Beneficiary Identification: Challenges in accurate identification and updating of beneficiary lists, leading to genuine beneficiaries being excluded.
Reasons Behind the Audit (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Ensuring Food Security: Guaranteeing that subsidized food grains reach the intended vulnerable population.
- Preventing Corruption: Curbing illicit practices and diversion of public resources.
- Enhancing Transparency: Bringing greater accountability to the functioning of FPSs and the PDS supply chain.
- Optimizing Resource Utilization: Ensuring efficient use of massive government subsidies in food grains.
- Public Trust: Restoring and building public confidence in the integrity of the PDS.
Key Features of the National Food Security Audit:
- Comprehensive Scope: Auditing physical stock, sales records, Aadhaar-linked transactions, beneficiary feedback, and infrastructure of FPSs.
- Technology-Driven: Utilizing e-POS devices, biometric authentication, GPS tracking of delivery vehicles, and a centralized digital platform for data collection and analysis.
- Third-Party Verification: Involvement of independent audit agencies and civil society organizations for robust verification.
- Real-time Monitoring: Data from FPSs to be uploaded in real-time to a central dashboard for continuous oversight by central and state authorities.
- Public Display of Information: Mandating display of stock, prices, and beneficiary lists at FPSs for public scrutiny.
- Grievance Redressal: Strengthening mechanisms for beneficiaries to report discrepancies.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013: The legal entitlement for subsidized food grains.
- Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution: Nodal ministry for PDS implementation.
- State Food & Civil Supplies Departments: Responsible for implementing PDS at the state level.
- Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016: For biometric authentication in PDS.
- Public Finance Management System (PFMS): For tracking financial flows.
Way Forward: A Transparent and Efficient PDS
- Continuous Capacity Building: Training of FPS dealers and government officials on new technologies and best practices.
- Robust Grievance Mechanism: Ensuring quick and effective resolution of complaints from beneficiaries.
- Incentivizing Good Performance: Rewarding well-performing FPSs and states.
- Addressing Digital Divide: Ensuring that technology-driven audits do not exclude genuine beneficiaries due to lack of digital literacy or connectivity.
- Strengthening Vigilance Committees: Empowering local vigilance committees with adequate training and resources for community monitoring.

International Relations & Diplomacy Syllabus: GS2/International Relations; India and its Neighborhood; Regional Groupings

India Hosts BIMSTEC Summit, Focus on Regional Connectivity & Blue Economy

Context: From July 29-31, 2025, India hosted the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Summit in New Delhi. Leaders from member states (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) converged to deliberate on strengthening regional cooperation, with a particular emphasis on enhancing connectivity projects and fostering sustainable development of the blue economy. This summit is seen as a renewed push for India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ and ‘Act East’ policies.
Status of BIMSTEC & Challenges:
- Geostrategic Importance: BIMSTEC connects South Asia and Southeast Asia, providing a crucial bridge for economic and security cooperation.
- Slow Progress: Despite its potential, BIMSTEC’s progress has often been slow due to diverse political systems, varying levels of development, and internal issues within member states.
- Limited Connectivity: Physical and digital connectivity infrastructure remains inadequate, hindering trade and people-to-people links.
- Security Concerns: Issues like cross-border terrorism, drug trafficking, and illegal migration pose challenges to regional stability.
- Economic Integration: Intra-BIMSTEC trade and investment are still modest compared to their potential.
Reasons Behind the Focus Areas (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Regional Economic Integration: Leveraging the Bay of Bengal as a conduit for trade and investment.
- Strategic Counterbalance: BIMSTEC offers a crucial alternative to SAARC, which faces challenges due to India-Pakistan tensions.
- Sustainable Development: Addressing common challenges like climate change, disaster management, and sustainable utilization of marine resources.
- Energy Security: Exploring regional energy grids and cooperation in renewable energy.
- People-to-People Connect: Enhancing cultural exchanges, tourism, and educational ties.
Key Outcomes/Strategies of the Summit:
- BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity: Adoption of a comprehensive plan for enhancing road, rail, air, and maritime links, including inland waterways.
- Blue Economy Roadmap: Agreement on a roadmap for sustainable harnessing of marine resources, including fisheries management, marine conservation, and marine tourism.
- Counter-Terrorism & Security Cooperation: Reaffirmation of commitment to combat terrorism and enhance intelligence sharing.
- Trade Facilitation: Discussions on operationalizing the BIMSTEC Free Trade Area (FTA) and reducing non-tariff barriers.
- Technological Exchange: Pledges for greater collaboration in science, technology, and innovation.
- Disaster Management: Strengthening regional cooperation mechanisms for early warning and disaster response.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- BIMSTEC Charter: The foundational document guiding the organization.
- BIMSTEC Secretariat: Based in Dhaka, responsible for facilitating cooperation.
- Various Sectoral Working Groups: (e.g., Trade & Investment, Connectivity, Environment, Counter-Terrorism) that drive specific initiatives.
- Existing Bilateral Agreements: Between member states, which can be leveraged for regional projects.
Way Forward: Revitalizing Regional Cooperation
- Timely Implementation: Focusing on time-bound execution of agreed-upon projects, especially connectivity infrastructure.
- Resource Mobilization: Securing adequate financial resources for key initiatives, potentially through a BIMSTEC Development Fund.
- Private Sector Engagement: Encouraging greater participation of the private sector in regional projects.
- Addressing Non-Traditional Security Threats: Enhancing cooperation on climate change, health pandemics, and maritime security.
- Greater People-Centric Focus: Promoting projects that directly benefit citizens, such as ease of travel and regional tourism.

Economy & Agriculture Syllabus: GS3/Agriculture; Rural Development; Climate Change

‘Climate-Smart Agriculture Zones’ Pilot Project Launched in Vulnerable Districts

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare launched a pilot project to establish “Climate-Smart Agriculture Zones” in 20 vulnerable districts across India. This initiative aims to build agricultural resilience against the adverse impacts of climate change by integrating sustainable farming practices, advanced technology, and community-led adaptation strategies. The project seeks to ensure food security and enhance farmers’ incomes in regions highly susceptible to extreme weather events.
Status of Indian Agriculture & Climate Vulnerability:
- Monsoon Dependence: Indian agriculture remains heavily reliant on monsoons, making it susceptible to rainfall variability.
- Climate Change Impacts: Increasing frequency and intensity of droughts, floods, heatwaves, and unseasonal rainfall are impacting crop yields and farmer livelihoods.
- Traditional Practices: Many farmers still use traditional methods that may not be resilient to changing climatic conditions.
- Lack of Awareness: Limited awareness among farmers about climate-smart practices and appropriate technologies.
- Fragmented Efforts: While various schemes exist, a consolidated and targeted approach for climate resilience zones is needed.
Reasons Behind the Initiative (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Ensuring Food Security: Safeguarding agricultural production in the face of climate change.
- Farmer Livelihood Protection: Protecting farmers from climate-induced losses and ensuring stable incomes.
- Sustainable Resource Management: Promoting efficient use of water, soil, and other natural resources.
- Mitigation & Adaptation: Contributing to India’s climate goals by both adapting to climate change and reducing agricultural emissions.
- Technological Adoption: Facilitating the uptake of innovative and climate-resilient farming technologies.
Key Strategies of the Climate-Smart Agriculture Zones:
- Integrated Farming Systems: Promoting crop diversification, agroforestry, livestock integration, and aquaculture suitable for local conditions.
- Water Use Efficiency: Encouraging micro-irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and efficient water management techniques.
- Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties: Promotion of drought-resistant, flood-tolerant, and heat-tolerant crop varieties.
- Soil Health Management: Emphasis on organic farming, balanced fertilization, and conservation tillage to improve soil fertility and carbon sequestration.
- Weather Advisories & Early Warning: Providing timely and localized weather forecasts and agro-advisories to farmers.
- Technology & Digital Tools: Use of remote sensing, IoT, and AI for precision agriculture, crop monitoring, and risk assessment.
- Capacity Building: Training farmers, extension workers, and local communities on climate-smart practices.
- Value Chain Integration: Supporting market linkages for produce from climate-smart zones.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA): The pilot project builds upon research and demonstrations conducted under NICRA.
- National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC): Provides financial support for adaptation projects.
- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Focuses on irrigation efficiency.
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Promotes organic farming.
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR): Provides scientific and technological support.
- State Agriculture Departments: Key implementing agencies.
Way Forward: Scaling Up Climate Resilience
- Robust Monitoring & Evaluation: Continuously assessing the effectiveness of interventions and adapting strategies based on outcomes.
- Financial Incentives: Providing adequate financial support and risk-sharing mechanisms for farmers adopting new practices.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Encouraging private sector involvement in technology transfer, financing, and market access.
- Knowledge Sharing: Disseminating successful models and best practices from pilot zones to other regions.
- Policy Convergence: Ensuring alignment of various agricultural and climate policies to create a supportive ecosystem for climate-smart agriculture.

Social Justice & Empowerment Syllabus: GS2/Social Justice; Human Development; Skill Development

National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) Expanded to Boost Youth Employability

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship announced a significant expansion of the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), aiming to bring 5 million apprentices under its ambit by 2027. This initiative is a renewed push to bridge the skill gap in India, enhance youth employability, and foster industry-academia collaboration, recognizing apprenticeship as a vital pathway to formal employment and skill acquisition.
Status of Apprenticeship & Skill Gap:
- Low Penetration: India’s apprenticeship penetration (apprentices as a percentage of the workforce) is very low compared to developed economies.
- Skill Mismatch: A significant gap exists between the skills acquired through formal education and the demands of the industry.
- Youth Unemployment: Despite a large young population, many graduates and vocational trainees struggle to find suitable employment.
- Industry Hesitancy: Some industries are reluctant to take on apprentices due to perceived regulatory complexities or lack of incentives.
- Awareness Deficit: Limited awareness among youth and industries about the benefits and processes of apprenticeship.
Reasons Behind the Expansion (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Demographic Dividend: Capitalizing on India’s large youth population by making them industry-ready.
- Bridging Skill Gap: Providing hands-on training and practical skills directly relevant to industry needs.
- Reducing Unemployment: Creating direct pathways from training to employment.
- Industry Competitiveness: Providing industries with a skilled and adaptable workforce.
- Formalizing Workforce: Transitioning youth from informal training to structured, recognized apprenticeship programs.
Key Strategies of the Expanded NAPS:
- Increased Stipend Support: Enhanced government contribution towards the stipend paid to apprentices.
- Broadened Eligibility: Expanding the range of industries and job roles eligible for apprenticeship programs, including service sectors and emerging technologies.
- Digital Platform Enhancement: Strengthening the online portal for seamless matching of apprentices with industries, and for registration and monitoring.
- Awareness Campaigns: Aggressive campaigns to promote apprenticeship among youth, parents, and industries.
- Industry Incentives: Providing additional incentives to companies, particularly MSMEs, to onboard apprentices.
- Curriculum Alignment: Ensuring that apprenticeship curricula are aligned with National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) and industry standards.
- Flexibility & Customization: Allowing industries greater flexibility in designing apprenticeship programs to suit their specific needs.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Apprentices Act, 1961 (Amended in 2014): The primary legal framework governing apprenticeships in India.
- National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS): Launched in 2016, providing financial incentives to employers.
- Directorate General of Training (DGT): Under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, responsible for implementing apprenticeship programs.
- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC): Facilitates skill development initiatives.
- Sector Skill Councils (SSCs): Develop occupational standards and curricula.
Way Forward: Making Apprenticeship the Preferred Skill Pathway
- Strong Industry Buy-in: Active collaboration and commitment from industries to create apprenticeship opportunities.
- Quality Assurance: Ensuring the quality of training provided during apprenticeships to make them truly valuable.
- Career Progression Pathways: Creating clear pathways for apprentices to transition into formal employment and further education.
- Addressing Gender Disparity: Promoting greater participation of women in diverse apprenticeship trades.
- Monitoring & Evaluation: Robust monitoring mechanisms to track outcomes, including employment rates post-apprenticeship.

Health & Well-being Syllabus: GS2/Health; Government Policies; Social Justice

‘National Mental Health Action Plan 2025’ Launched for Comprehensive Care

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare officially launched the “National Mental Health Action Plan 2025,” a critical policy initiative to address the rising burden of mental health disorders in India. Recognizing the significant gaps in access to care, stigma, and human resources, the plan aims to integrate mental healthcare into primary health services, enhance community-based support, and promote mental well-being across all age groups.
Status of Mental Health in India & Challenges:
- High Prevalence: Significant portion of the population (estimates suggest 1 in 7) suffers from mental health disorders.
- Treatment Gap: A massive treatment gap exists, with a large majority not receiving adequate care due to stigma, lack of awareness, and limited access.
- Acute Shortage of Professionals: Severe deficit of psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, and other mental health professionals.
- Stigma & Discrimination: Deep-rooted societal stigma discourages individuals from seeking help.
- Urban-Rural Divide: Access to mental health services is heavily concentrated in urban areas.
- Financial Barriers: High cost of specialized care makes it inaccessible for many.
Reasons Behind the Plan (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Growing Burden of Disease: Responding to the increasing prevalence of mental health conditions, exacerbated by socio-economic factors and stress.
- Human Rights Perspective: Recognizing mental health as a fundamental aspect of well-being and a human right.
- Economic Impact: Untreated mental illness leads to significant loss of productivity and economic burden.
- Achieving Universal Health Coverage: Integrating mental health into broader health service delivery.
- Post-Pandemic Needs: Addressing the elevated mental health challenges stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Key Strategies of the National Mental Health Action Plan 2025:
- Integration with Primary Healthcare: Training primary healthcare workers (ASHAs, ANMs, doctors) to identify, manage, and refer common mental disorders.
- Community Mental Health Centers: Establishing community-level facilities for basic mental healthcare, counselling, and rehabilitation.
- Human Resource Development: Scaling up training programs for mental health professionals, including task-shifting approaches.
- Awareness & Anti-Stigma Campaigns: Mass media campaigns and community-level initiatives to reduce stigma and promote mental well-being.
- Digital Mental Health Platforms: Leveraging tele-consultations, mobile apps, and online resources for accessibility.
- School Mental Health Programs: Integrating mental health education and support into school curricula.
- Research & Surveillance: Strengthening data collection, research, and epidemiological studies on mental health.
- Legal Aid: Ensuring legal aid for persons with mental illness, especially those facing discrimination.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Decriminalized suicide, ensured access to care, and protected the rights of persons with mental illness.
- National Mental Health Programme (NMHP): The existing framework upon which the new action plan builds and expands.
- Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs): Designed to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, now integrating mental health.
- District Mental Health Programme (DMHP): Implementation at the district level.
- National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) & State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs): Play a role in protecting rights.
Way Forward: Towards a Mentally Healthy India
- Adequate Funding: Ensuring sufficient and sustained financial allocation for mental health initiatives.
- Inter-sectoral Convergence: Collaboration across ministries (Health, Social Justice, Education, Women & Child Development) for holistic support.
- Addressing Social Determinants: Tackling underlying social issues like poverty, unemployment, and discrimination that impact mental health.
- Robust Monitoring: Establishing clear indicators and mechanisms to track the progress and impact of the action plan.
- Empowering Patients & Families: Promoting peer support groups and involving service users in policy formulation and program implementation.

Culture & Heritage Syllabus: GS1/Indian Heritage & Culture; Art Forms; Government Initiatives

National Heritage Skill Development Programme (NHSDP) Expanded for Traditional Arts

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, announced a significant expansion of the National Heritage Skill Development Programme (NHSDP). This expanded initiative aims to safeguard India’s intangible cultural heritage by actively promoting and providing certified training in traditional arts, crafts, and heritage-related vocations. The move seeks to ensure the intergenerational transfer of unique skills, create sustainable livelihoods for artisans, and boost heritage tourism.
Status of Traditional Arts & Challenges:
- Endangered Skills: Many traditional art forms and crafts are at risk of disappearing due to declining patronage, lack of economic viability, and the aging of master artisans.
- Skill Transfer Gap: Insufficient formal mechanisms for transferring complex traditional skills from older generations to younger ones.
- Market Access: Artisans often struggle with market access, fair pricing, and competition from mass-produced goods.
- Lack of Recognition: Limited formal recognition and certification for traditional skills, hindering mobility and access to finance.
- Migration: Younger generations often migrate to urban areas for perceived better opportunities, abandoning traditional livelihoods.
Reasons Behind the Expansion (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Cultural Preservation: Protecting India’s rich and diverse cultural heritage, which is integral to its identity.
- Livelihood Generation: Creating sustainable economic opportunities for artisans and traditional practitioners.
- Promoting Tourism: Enhancing heritage tourism by showcasing authentic cultural experiences and products.
- Soft Power Diplomacy: Projecting India’s unique cultural strength on the global stage.
- Rural Development: Supporting rural economies where many traditional crafts are concentrated.
Key Strategies of the Expanded NHSDP:
- Certified Training Programs: Developing standardized, NSQF-aligned training modules for various heritage crafts (e.g., traditional weaving, pottery, metal crafts, classical music instrument making, fresco painting, manuscript illumination).
- Gurukul-Shishya Parampara Revival: Facilitating direct apprenticeship under master artisans, with government support for stipends and materials.
- Infrastructure Development: Setting up dedicated Heritage Skill Development Centers or upgrading existing craft clusters.
- Market Linkages: Creating platforms for direct sales, e-commerce integration, and participation in national and international exhibitions.
- Design Intervention: Collaborating with designers to innovate traditional products while retaining their authenticity and adapting them to contemporary markets.
- Digital Archiving: Documenting traditional skills and knowledge for preservation and future reference.
- Awareness & Promotion: Campaigns to raise public awareness about the value of traditional arts and crafts.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Ministry of Culture: Nodal ministry for promoting cultural heritage.
- Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship: Provides expertise in skill development frameworks.
- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC): Facilitates implementation.
- Crafts Council of India & All India Handicrafts Board: Organizations promoting crafts.
- UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List: India’s commitments to safeguarding listed elements.
- Geographical Indication (GI) Tags: Protecting unique regional crafts.
Way Forward: Nurturing India’s Living Heritage
- Inter-Ministerial Collaboration: Ensuring seamless coordination between culture, skill development, tourism, and tribal affairs ministries.
- Financial Incentives: Providing financial assistance, easy credit, and social security benefits for artisans.
- Innovation & Adaptation: Encouraging artisans to innovate and diversify their products while retaining core traditional elements.
- Youth Engagement: Making traditional arts appealing to younger generations through modern teaching methods and career prospects.
- International Partnerships: Collaborating with international organizations for skill exchange, market access, and heritage preservation.

Governance & Ethics Syllabus: GS4/Ethics; Public Administration; Probity in Governance

Public Service Delivery Monitoring Cell Established at District Level

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions announced the establishment of a dedicated Public Service Delivery Monitoring Cell (PSDMC) in every district across India. This initiative aims to enhance accountability, reduce delays, and improve the quality of public services delivered to citizens, especially at the grassroots level. The PSDMC will act as a centralized grievance redressal and performance monitoring unit for key government services.
Status of Public Service Delivery & Challenges:
- Bureaucratic Delays: Citizens often face long delays in receiving essential services like certificates, licenses, and social welfare benefits.
- Corruption: Instances of corruption and rent-seeking behavior can plague service delivery points.
- Lack of Transparency: Opaque processes and lack of clear information about service standards and timelines.
- Accountability Deficit: Difficulty in holding officials accountable for poor service delivery or delays.
- Awareness Gap: Many citizens, especially in rural areas, are unaware of their entitlements or grievance redressal mechanisms.
Reasons Behind the Initiative (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Citizen-Centric Governance: Shifting focus towards making government more responsive and accountable to citizens.
- Improving Ease of Living: Simplifying processes and reducing hassles for citizens in accessing services.
- Combating Corruption: Providing a transparent oversight mechanism to deter corrupt practices.
- Enhancing Trust: Rebuilding public trust in government institutions.
- Data-Driven Governance: Utilizing data to identify bottlenecks and improve efficiency.
Key Functions of Public Service Delivery Monitoring Cell (PSDMC):
- Centralized Grievance Redressal: A single point of contact for citizens to lodge complaints regarding service delivery across various departments.
- Performance Monitoring: Tracking the timeline and quality of service delivery for predefined services using digital dashboards.
- Feedback Mechanism: Collecting citizen feedback on services to identify areas for improvement.
- Data Analysis: Analyzing service delivery data to identify systemic issues, recurring bottlenecks, and non-performing departments/officials.
- Capacity Building: Providing training to service delivery staff on citizen charters, grievance handling, and digital tools.
- Public Awareness: Disseminating information about service entitlements, timelines, and the functioning of the PSDMC.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Right to Public Services Legislation (where enacted by states): Laws in various states guaranteeing timely delivery of services and providing for penalties for delays. The PSDMC could draw strength from these.
- Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS): The PSDMC will likely integrate with and enhance existing grievance mechanisms like CPGRAMS at the local level.
- Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act: Provides for independent bodies to inquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries.
- Vigilance Departments: At state and district level.
- District Administration: The District Magistrate/Collector will be the nodal authority for the PSDMC.
Way Forward: Towards Accountable & Efficient Service Delivery
- Empowering Citizens: Educating citizens about their rights and how to effectively use the PSDMC.
- Robust Digital Infrastructure: Ensuring seamless digital connectivity and robust IT support for the PSDMC in all districts.
- Independence & Impartiality: Ensuring the PSDMC operates independently and impartially, free from undue influence.
- Performance-Based Incentives: Linking performance of government officials to service delivery metrics.
- Regular Audits: Periodic external audits of PSDMC operations to ensure effectiveness and accountability.
- Addressing Root Causes: Beyond monitoring, actively addressing systemic issues and policy gaps identified through PSDMC data analysis.

Science & Technology / Health Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology; Biotechnology; Health

ICMR Approves First Indigenous Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Anemia

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) announced the successful completion of clinical trials and subsequent approval for India’s first indigenously developed gene therapy for Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA). This landmark achievement marks a significant leap in the country’s biotechnology and medical research capabilities, offering a potential curative treatment for a debilitating genetic blood disorder that disproportionately affects tribal populations in India. The therapy involves correcting the defective gene responsible for SCA.
Status of Sickle Cell Anemia & Challenges:
- Prevalence: India has one of the highest burdens of SCA globally, particularly among tribal communities in central and western India.
- Chronic & Debilitating: SCA causes chronic pain, organ damage, anemia, and reduced life expectancy.
- Limited Curative Options: Current treatments are largely symptomatic (pain management, blood transfusions), with bone marrow transplantation being the only curative option, but limited by donor availability and cost.
- Diagnostic Gaps: Challenges in early and widespread diagnosis, especially in remote and rural areas.
- Socio-economic Burden: The disease imposes a significant socio-economic burden on patients and their families.
Reasons Behind Gene Therapy Research (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Addressing Unmet Medical Need: Providing a curative solution for a prevalent and severe genetic disorder.
- Reducing Disease Burden: Alleviating suffering and improving quality of life for SCA patients.
- Equity in Healthcare: Ensuring access to advanced medical treatments for vulnerable and underserved populations.
- Boosting Biotechnology Sector: Showcasing India’s capabilities in advanced biomedical research and development.
- Economic Savings: Long-term reduction in healthcare costs associated with managing chronic SCA symptoms.
Key Features of the Indigenous Gene Therapy:
- Gene Editing/Correction: The therapy uses advanced gene editing techniques (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 or lentiviral vectors) to correct the mutated gene in the patient’s own hematopoietic stem cells.
- Autologous Transplant: Involves collecting the patient’s stem cells, modifying them ex-vivo, and re-infusing them, eliminating the need for a matched donor.
- One-Time Treatment: Designed as a single, potentially curative treatment, reducing the need for lifelong symptomatic management.
- Cost-Effectiveness (Targeted): Efforts were made during development to make the therapy more affordable and accessible than international counterparts.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR): Apex body for biomedical research, responsible for clinical trial guidelines and approvals.
- Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO): Regulatory body for drugs and new therapies in India.
- National Health Policy, 2017: Emphasizes research and innovation in healthcare.
- National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (launched in 2023): The gene therapy will complement this mission’s efforts in screening, prevention, and management.
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT): Supports biotechnology research and development.
Way Forward: From Lab to Patient & Beyond
- Scalable Production: Developing robust and cost-effective manufacturing processes to ensure widespread availability.
- Affordability & Accessibility: Mechanisms to make the therapy affordable through government schemes or health insurance.
- Ethical Guidelines: Continuous review and development of ethical guidelines for gene therapy and genetic engineering.
- Long-Term Monitoring: Establishing long-term follow-up studies to assess the safety and efficacy of the therapy.
- Capacity Building: Training healthcare professionals in specialized centers for administering and managing gene therapy.
- Genetic Counselling: Strengthening genetic counselling services for at-risk families and communities.

Polity & Governance / Social Justice Syllabus: GS2/Governance; Social Justice; Vulnerable Sections; Human Rights

Guidelines Issued for Enhanced Access for Persons with Disabilities in Public Spaces

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, issued comprehensive guidelines for ensuring enhanced accessibility for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) in all public spaces, including government buildings, transportation hubs, educational institutions, and public utilities. This directive reinforces India’s commitment to creating an inclusive society and aligns with international conventions on disability rights.
Status of Accessibility & Challenges:
- Inadequate Infrastructure: Many public buildings and transport systems lack ramps, accessible toilets, tactile paving, and clear signage.
- Attitudinal Barriers: Prejudices and lack of awareness among the general public and service providers often create barriers.
- Digital Divide: Limited access to accessible digital platforms and information for PwDs.
- Lack of Enforcement: Despite legal provisions, implementation and enforcement of accessibility standards remain inconsistent.
- Financial Constraints: Perceived high costs for retrofitting existing infrastructure.
Reasons Behind the Guidelines (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Rights-Based Approach: Upholding the rights of PwDs to equality, dignity, and non-discrimination.
- Inclusive Society: Building a truly inclusive society where PwDs can participate fully and equally.
- Legal Mandate: Fulfilling the obligations under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
- International Commitments: Adhering to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which India has ratified.
- Economic & Social Participation: Enabling PwDs to access education, employment, and social life more easily.
Key Features of the Guidelines:
- Universal Design Principles: Mandating adherence to universal design principles in new constructions and retrofitting of existing infrastructure.
- Accessibility Standards: Detailed specifications for ramps, lifts, accessible toilets, tactile paths, audio cues, visual alarms, and sign language interpreters.
- Transportation Accessibility: Guidelines for accessible public transport vehicles (buses, trains, metro) and railway stations/airports.
- Digital Accessibility: Promoting accessible websites, mobile applications, and information in accessible formats (Braille, large print, audio).
- Awareness & Sensitization: Mandating training and sensitization programs for public officials and service providers.
- Compliance & Monitoring: Establishing a robust mechanism for monitoring compliance and imposing penalties for non-adherence.
- Grievance Redressal: Creating accessible grievance redressal channels for PwDs.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016: The primary legislation, which defines disability and mandates accessibility.
- Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): Launched in 2015, this campaign provides the framework for achieving universal accessibility. The new guidelines are a key step in its implementation.
- National Building Code: Integrates accessibility standards.
- DEPwD: Nodal ministry for disability affairs.
- Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities (CCPD) & State Commissioners: Quasi-judicial bodies for protecting the rights of PwDs.
Way Forward: From Policy to Practice
- Adequate Funding: Allocating sufficient financial resources for implementing accessibility measures, including specific grants for states and local bodies.
- Technological Solutions: Leveraging innovative technologies for accessibility aids and tools.
- Private Sector Engagement: Encouraging private sector participation in making their premises and services accessible.
- Audits & Certification: Regular accessibility audits and certification for public spaces.
- Community Advocacy: Strengthening the voice of PwD organizations in advocating for their rights and monitoring implementation.
- Behavioral Change: Continuous efforts to change societal attitudes and eliminate discrimination against PwDs.

Education & Skill Development Syllabus: GS2/Education; Human Resource Development; Government Policies

‘National Digital University Network’ Launched for Flexible Learning

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Education unveiled the “National Digital University Network (NDUN),” a groundbreaking initiative aimed at democratizing access to high-quality higher education across India. This network will connect various universities and institutions, offering a vast array of online courses, degrees, and certifications, and promoting flexible, personalized learning pathways. It represents a significant step towards realizing the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 for digital education.
Status of Higher Education & Challenges:
- Access & Equity: Despite increased enrolment, access to quality higher education remains a challenge, particularly in remote areas and for disadvantaged groups.
- Quality & Relevance: Concerns about the quality of education in some institutions and the relevance of curricula to industry needs.
- Faculty Shortage: Persistent shortage of qualified faculty across various disciplines.
- Infrastructure Gaps: Uneven distribution of modern educational infrastructure.
- Rigid Structures: Traditional university systems often lack flexibility for working professionals or those seeking interdisciplinary learning.
Reasons Behind the Network (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Bridging Access Gap: Expanding reach of higher education to every corner of the country.
- Enhancing Quality: Providing access to courses from top institutions and promoting best pedagogical practices.
- Lifelong Learning: Facilitating continuous learning and skill upgradation for individuals at all stages of their careers.
- Flexibility & Personalization: Catering to diverse learning needs and preferences through online and blended modes.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Making higher education more affordable by reducing reliance on physical infrastructure.
- Digital Transformation: Leveraging technology to revolutionize education delivery.
Key Features of the National Digital University Network (NDUN):
- Federated Model: A network of accredited universities and institutions offering digital courses, with a centralized platform for enrolment, credit transfer, and certification.
- Credit Bank of India (ABC): Seamless integration with the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) to enable students to earn and transfer credits across institutions.
- Multilingual Content: Provision of courses in various Indian languages to enhance inclusivity.
- Skill-Based Courses: Strong emphasis on industry-relevant, skill-based courses and vocational training.
- Proctored Online Examinations: Robust online examination systems to ensure academic integrity.
- Faculty Training: Programs to equip faculty with skills for online teaching and course development.
- Virtual Labs & Simulations: Utilizing advanced digital tools for practical learning experiences.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The guiding policy document for the NDUN.
- University Grants Commission (UGC): Regulatory body for universities, responsible for approving online courses and maintaining quality standards.
- All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE): For technical education aspects.
- Ministry of Education: Nodal ministry.
- National Research Foundation (NRF): Could support research in digital pedagogy.
- SWAYAM & SWAYAM Prabha: Existing online learning platforms that will be integrated into the NDUN.
Way Forward: Revolutionizing Higher Education
- Quality Assurance: Establishing stringent quality control mechanisms for digital content and teaching.
- Digital Infrastructure: Ensuring robust and equitable digital infrastructure, especially in rural and remote areas.
- Faculty Acceptance & Training: Encouraging faculty adoption of digital teaching methods and providing continuous training.
- Industry Collaboration: Strong partnerships with industry to develop relevant courses and ensure employability of graduates.
- Addressing Digital Divide: Strategies to ensure that students from disadvantaged backgrounds are not left behind due to lack of digital access or literacy.
- Global Collaboration: Exploring partnerships with international digital universities for knowledge exchange and credit recognition.

International Relations / Defence & Security Syllabus: GS2/International Relations; Bilateral, Regional, Global Groupings; GS3/Security

India-France Joint Naval Exercise ‘Varuna VI’ Concludes in Indian Ocean

Context: On July 31, 2025, the sixth edition of the bilateral naval exercise ‘Varuna VI’ between India and France concluded successfully in the strategically vital Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The exercise involved advanced air defence drills, anti-submarine warfare, surface combat operations, and maritime interdiction, underscoring the deepening strategic partnership between the two nations, particularly in enhancing maritime security and interoperability in the Indo-Pacific.
Status of India-France Strategic Partnership & Maritime Focus:
- Long-Standing Relationship: India and France share a robust strategic partnership, encompassing defence, space, nuclear energy, and cultural ties.
- Indo-Pacific Strategy: Both nations have converging interests in a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific, emphasizing maritime domain awareness and stability.
- Defence Cooperation: France is a key supplier of defence equipment to India (e.g., Rafale jets, Scorpene submarines), with increasing focus on co-production and technology transfer.
- Maritime Security Challenges: The IOR faces challenges from piracy, illegal fishing, climate change impacts, and increasing geostrategic competition.
- Previous Varuna Editions: The Varuna series of exercises has been instrumental in building interoperability and mutual understanding between the two navies.
Reasons Behind Enhanced Exercise (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Regional Security: Contributing to peace and stability in the Indian Ocean and wider Indo-Pacific.
- Interoperability: Enhancing the ability of the Indian and French navies to operate together effectively in complex maritime environments.
- Capacity Building: Sharing best practices, improving tactical skills, and developing common operational procedures.
- Deterrence: Projecting a combined naval presence to deter potential threats and uphold freedom of navigation.
- Strategic Alignment: Reinforcing the strategic alignment between India and France on maritime issues.
Key Aspects of ‘Varuna VI’:
- Advanced Drills: Focus on complex scenarios including multi-ship air defence, anti-submarine warfare (ASW) exercises, joint maritime surveillance, and replenishment at sea.
- High-End Assets: Participation of frontline warships, submarines, maritime patrol aircraft, and combat jets from both navies.
- Information Sharing: Emphasis on improving secure communication and real-time intelligence sharing.
- Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR): Incorporating elements of HADR operations, reflecting the broader role of navies.
- Personnel Exchange: Exchange of liaison officers to deepen understanding of operational doctrines.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- India-France Strategic Partnership: The overarching bilateral framework.
- Logistics Exchange Agreement: Provides for reciprocal logistics support, enhancing operational reach.
- UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): Both nations adhere to UNCLOS principles for maritime operations.
- Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): A forum for regional navies to promote cooperation.
- Multinational Groupings: Both India and France are active in various global and regional security dialogues and initiatives related to maritime domain.
Way Forward: Deepening Maritime Security Cooperation
- Expanding Scope: Exploring more complex and multi-domain exercises, including cyber and space aspects of maritime security.
- Joint Patrols: Considering joint patrols in critical sea lanes to enhance maritime domain awareness and deter illegal activities.
- Technology Sharing: Greater collaboration in marine technology, hydrography, and naval research & development.
- Tri-lateral/Multi-lateral Engagements: Exploring the possibility of including other like-minded partners in future exercises to broaden regional security architecture.
- Blue Economy Cooperation: Complementing defence cooperation with collaboration in sustainable ocean management and resource development.

Environment & Ecology / Agriculture Syllabus: GS3/Environment; Water Resources; Sustainable Development

National Water Management Policy (NWMP) 2025 Focuses on Integrated River Basin Management

Context: On July 31, 2025, the Ministry of Jal Shakti unveiled the draft National Water Management Policy (NWMP) 2025, proposing a paradigm shift towards integrated river basin management and water-use efficiency across all sectors. The policy emphasizes a holistic approach to water resources, moving away from fragmented management, and addressing the growing water stress exacerbated by climate change, urbanization, and unsustainable practices. Public feedback is invited before finalization.
Status of Water Resources & Challenges:
- Water Stress: India is a water-stressed nation with per capita availability declining due to population growth and increasing demand.
- Groundwater Depletion: Over-extraction of groundwater for agriculture and urban needs is a critical concern in many regions.
- Pollution: Rivers and other water bodies suffer from severe pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste.
- Inter-State Disputes: Persistent conflicts over water sharing among states.
- Inefficient Use: Inefficient irrigation practices (flood irrigation) and leakages in urban water supply systems.
- Climate Change Impacts: Erratic monsoons, droughts, and floods are intensifying, directly impacting water availability.
Reasons Behind the Policy (Root Causes & Objectives):
- Water Scarcity Mitigation: Ensuring sustainable and equitable access to water for all.
- Environmental Protection: Protecting and rejuvenating rivers and other water ecosystems.
- Conflict Resolution: Providing a framework for resolving inter-state water disputes more effectively.
- Economic Sustainability: Ensuring adequate water for agriculture, industry, and urban areas to support economic growth.
- Climate Resilience: Building resilience of water systems against climate change impacts.
Key Strategies of the National Water Management Policy (NWMP) 2025:
- Integrated River Basin Management: Treating river basins as single hydrological units for planning, development, and management, transcending administrative boundaries.
- Water Use Efficiency: Mandating water audits, promoting micro-irrigation, industrial water recycling, and domestic water conservation.
- Groundwater Regulation: Strict regulation of groundwater extraction and promoting artificial recharge initiatives.
- Water Quality Improvement: Comprehensive plans for pollution control, wastewater treatment, and rejuvenation of rivers.
- Participatory Water Management: Empowering local communities, Pani Panchayats, and Water Users’ Associations in water governance.
- Data & Technology: Leveraging real-time data monitoring, remote sensing, and AI for water resource assessment and forecasting.
- Water Pricing & Incentives: Introducing rational water pricing and incentives for efficient water use.
- Climate Adaptation: Integrating climate change projections into water planning and infrastructure development.
Legal & Institutional Frameworks:
- National Water Policy (existing versions): The NWMP 2025 will supersede or substantially revise existing national water policies.
- Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956: Governs resolution of water disputes.
- Ministry of Jal Shakti: The nodal ministry responsible for water resources.
- Central Water Commission (CWC) & Central Ground Water Board (CGWB): Key technical bodies.
- National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) & Namami Gange: Existing river rejuvenation programs.
- Jal Jeevan Mission: Focuses on rural piped water supply.
Way Forward: Sustainable Water Security for India
- Consensus Building: Achieving consensus among states for integrated basin management.
- Capacity Building: Training water managers, local government officials, and communities in sustainable water practices.
- Financial Investment: Significant investment in water infrastructure, treatment plants, and smart water technologies.
- Public Awareness: Mass campaigns to foster a culture of water conservation and responsible use.
- Legal Reforms: Updating existing laws and creating new ones to support the policy’s objectives.
- Research & Development: Investing in research for water-efficient crops, desalination technologies, and wastewater treatment solutions.

July 31 – UPSC Current Affairs – PM IAS

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